Table 3 Associations between injury outcomes and population groups: results of univariate modelling

In-hospital death

OR (95% CI)

Number of complications IRR (95% CI)

Care needed post index admission discharge

OR (95% CI)

Length of stay (days) IRR (95% CI)

 0–14 years

0.03 (0.01–0.05)

0.07 (0.06–0.08)

1.48 (1.43–1.54)

0.13 (0.13–0.13)

 15–24 years

0.03 (0.02–0.06)

0.17 (0.16–0.18)

0.83 (0.79–0.86)

0.21 (0.20–0.21)

 25–44 years

0.10 (0.07–0.13)

0.21 (0.20–0.22)

0.76 (0.73–0.79)

0.26 (0.26–0.27)

 45–64 years

0.16 (0.13–0.20)

0.35 (0.33–0.36)

0.76 (0.73–0.78)

0.40 (0.40–0.41)

 65–84 years

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

 85 and over

2.78 (2.46–3.12)

1.53 (1.45–1.62)

1.78 (1.71–1.86)

1.36 (1.33–1.39)

 Male

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

 Female

1.26 (1.14–1.41)

1.79 (1.73–1.86)

1.08 (1.06–1.11)

1.73 (1.71–1.75)

 0

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

 1

5.23 (4.55–6.01)

3.26 (3.11–3.41)

1.23 (1.19–1.27)

2.59 (2.54–2.64)

 2

14.53 (12.46–16.94)

5.80 (5.36–6.27)

1.76 (1.66–1.86)

3.99 (3.86–4.12)

 3

22.08 (18.25–26.70)

7.76 (6.85–8.79)

1.90 (1.73–2.09)

5.00 (4.75–5.27)

  > 3

36.16 (28.88–45.28)

10.92 (9.07–13.16)

2.45 (2.13–2.83)

6.93 (6.41–7.49)

 Serious injury (ICISS< 0.941)

17.56 (15.60–19.76)

8.83 (8.48–9.19)

1.81 (1.75–1.87)

5.08 (4.99–5.17)

 Other injury (ICISS> = 0.941)

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

 Head

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

 Neck

1.02 (0.74–1.41)

1.76 (1.58–1.96)

0.82 (0.75–0.90)

1.75 (1.67–1.82)

 Thorax

1.12 (0.89–1.41)

2.65 (2.45–2.86)

0.85 (0.79–0.91)

1.96 (1.90–2.02)

 Abdomen, lower back, lumbar spine & pelvis

0.94 (0.75–1.17)

2.71 (2.53–2.91)

1.21 (1.15–1.28)

2.52 (2.45–2.59)

 Shoulder & upper arm

0.55 (0.42–0.70)

1.38 (1.28–1.48)

1.22 (1.16–1.28)

1.42 (1.38–1.46)

 Elbow & forearm

0.11 (0.07–0.17)

0.64 (0.59–0.68)

1.45 (1.38–1.52)

0.76 (0.74–0.78)

 Wrist & hand

0.02 (0.01–0.05)

0.18 (0.16–0.19)

1.60 (1.54–1.67)

0.40 (0.39–0.41)

 Hip & thigh

3.35 (2.90–3.86)

7.10 (6.68–7.54)

2.25 (2.15–2.36)

4.47 (4.36–4.59)

 Knee & lower leg

0.22 (0.16–0.29)

1.34 (1.26–1.42)

1.18 (1.13–1.23)

1.67 (1.63–1.70)

 Ankle & foot

0.10 (0.05–0.22)

0.64 (0.58–0.71)

1.11 (1.04–1.19)

0.94 (0.91–0.98)

 Foreign body

0.35 (0.19–0.64)

0.45 (0.38–0.53)

1.14 (1.03–1.25)

0.40 (0.38–0.43)

 Burns

0.28 (0.12–0.62)

1.94 (1.68–2.23)

1.84 (1.66–2.04)

1.71 (1.62–1.81)

 Multiple body regions

##

1.11 (0.38–3.23)

0.95 (0.41–2.18)

1.63 (1.10–2.41)

 Unspecified body region

0.31 (0.08–1.24)

0.85 (0.63–1.14)

0.68 (0.54–0.86)

1.26 (1.14–1.40)

 Body region not relevant

0.75 (0.60–0.94)

1.18 (1.10–1.27)

1.06 (1.01–1.12)

1.01 (0.98–1.03)

 Superficial injury

0.10 (0.07–0.14)

0.29 (0.26–0.32)

0.50 (0.47–0.53)

0.44 (0.43–0.46)

 Open wound

0.05 (0.03–0.06)

0.17 (0.16–0.18)

0.87 (0.84–0.90)

0.31 (0.30–0.32)

 Fracture

0.27 (0.24–0.31)

Reference

Reference

Reference

 Dislocation, sprain & strain

0.04 (0.02–0.06)

0.20 (0.18–0.22)

0.36 (0.34–0.38)

0.27 (0.26–0.28)

 Injury to nerves & spinal cord

0.12 (0.07–0.23)

0.42 (0.36–0.49)

0.95 (0.87–1.05)

0.72 (0.68–0.76)

 Injury to blood vessels

0.12 (0.06–0.25)

0.30 (0.25–0.37)

0.89 (0.79–1.00)

0.43 (0.40–0.46)

 Injury to muscle & tendon

0.01 (0.01–0.03)

0.16 (0.14–0.17)

0.60 (0.57–0.63)

0.26 (0.26–0.27)

 Crushing injury

##

0.04 (0.02–0.09)

0.76 (0.59–0.97)

0.18 (0.15–0.21)

 Traumatic amputation

0.01 (0.00–0.10)

0.24 (0.20–0.30)

1.12 (1.01–1.25)

0.31 (0.29–0.33)

 Eye injury- excluding foreign body

0.05 (0.01–0.33)

0.31 (0.22–0.43)

1.97 (1.64–2.37)

0.39 (0.35–0.44)

 Intracranial injury

Reference

1.05 (0.96–1.13)

0.49 (0.46–0.53)

1.03 (1.00–1.07)

 Injury to internal organs

0.36 (0.24–0.54)

1.64 (1.42–1.89)

0.77 (0.69–0.86)

1.04 (0.98–1.10)

 Foreign body

0.09 (0.05–0.17)

0.17 (0.14–0.20)

0.68 (0.62–0.75)

0.19 (0.18–0.20)

 Burns

0.07 (0.03–0.17)

0.73 (0.63–0.85)

1.10 (0.99–1.21)

0.79 (0.75–0.84)

 Other and unspecified injury

0.08 (0.06–0.11)

0.23 (0.22–0.25)

0.41 (0.39–0.43)

0.42 (0.41–0.43)

 Systemic-poisoning/toxic effects

0.12 (0.09–0.16)

0.39 (0.36–0.42)

0.64 (0.61–0.67)

0.40 (0.39–0.41)

 Other effects of external cause/complication

0.92 (0.67–1.27)

0.91 (0.76–1.09)

0.62 (0.54–0.72)

1.03 (0.96–1.10)

 1

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

 2

1.03 (0.78–1.35)

1.04 (0.95–1.15)

1.08 (1.02–1.14)

1.00 (0.96–1.03)

 3

1.22 (0.96–1.56)

1.14 (1.04–1.24)

0.84 (0.79–0.89)

1.05 (1.02–1.09)

 4

0.99 (0.79–1.24)

0.90 (0.83–0.97)

1.00 (0.96–1.05)

1.04 (1.01–1.07)

 5

0.93 (0.72–1.22)

0.83 (0.76–0.91)

0.94 (0.89–0.99)

0.88 (0.85–0.91)

 6

0.82 (0.63–1.08)

0.82 (0.75–0.89)

0.82 (0.77–0.86)

0.89 (0.86–0.92)

 7

0.73 (0.55–0.97)

1.01 (0.92–1.10)

0.80 (0.76–0.84)

1.01 (0.98–1.04)

 8

0.92 (0.75–1.14)

0.96 (0.89–1.03)

0.58 (0.56–0.61)

0.96 (0.93–0.98)

 9

0.95 (0.77–1.17)

1.00 (0.93–1.07)

0.73 (0.70–0.76)

1.04 (1.01–1.07)

 10

0.98 (0.79–1.21)

1.02 (0.95–1.10)

0.50 (0.47–0.52)

1.04 (1.02–1.07)

 999

##

##

##

0.18 (0.02–1.74)

ICU stay OR (95% CI)

MV use

OR (95% CI)

CCU stay OR (95% CI)

30 day-all-cause readmission OR (95% CI)

30 day-non-planned readmission OR (95% CI)

30 day-potentially avoidable readmission OR (95% CI)

 0–14 years

0.21 (0.18–0.25)

0.30 (0.24–0.39)

0.05 (0.02–0.10)

0.31 (0.29–0.32)

0.34 (0.31–0.37)

0.43 (0.38–0.48)

 15–24 years

0.87 (0.79–0.96)

1.55 (1.34–1.79)

0.35 (0.26–0.46)

0.41 (0.39–0.43)

0.47 (0.44–0.50)

0.54 (0.49–0.60)

 25–44 years

1.02 (0.94–1.11)

1.87 (1.64–2.13)

0.33 (0.26–0.42)

0.50 (0.48–0.52)

0.58 (0.55–0.62)

0.75 (0.69–0.82)

 45–64 years

1.06 (0.97–1.16)

1.62 (1.42–1.86)

0.61 (0.49–0.75)

0.64 (0.61–0.67)

0.65 (0.62–0.69)

0.83 (0.76–0.91)

 65–84 years

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

 85 and over

0.70 (0.62–0.79)

0.33 (0.25–0.43)

1.02 (0.83–1.27)

1.13 (1.08–1.19)

1.26 (1.19–1.34)

1.06 (0.96–1.17)

 Male

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

 Female

0.89 (0.84–0.95)

0.71 (0.65–0.77)

1.32 (1.13–1.54)

1.29 (1.25–1.33)

1.21 (1.16–1.25)

1.01 (0.96–1.08)

 0

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

 1

4.46 (4.15–4.78)

4.86 (4.41–5.35)

3.32 (2.76–4.00)

1.72 (1.65–1.79)

1.83 (1.74–1.92)

1.42 (1.31–1.54)

 2

9.10 (8.32–9.96)

9.07 (8.01–10.27)

7.50 (6.01–9.37)

2.35 (2.20–2.52)

2.59 (2.39–2.80)

1.87 (1.65–2.12)

 3

9.52 (8.33–10.88)

8.99 (7.46–10.83)

8.00 (5.78–11.08)

2.77 (2.49–3.07)

3.06 (2.72–3.45)

2.32 (1.93–2.79)

  > 3

15.03 (12.69–17.80)

9.67 (7.43–12.59)

13.74 (9.45–20.00)

3.95 (3.41–4.58)

4.65 (3.96–5.46)

3.10 (2.41–3.98)

 Serious injury (ICISS< 0.941)

8.65 (8.14–9.19)

8.15 (7.49–8.87)

2.87 (2.42–3.39)

1.78 (1.71–1.86)

1.98 (1.89–2.08)

1.88 (1.75–2.03)

 Other injury (ICISS> = 0.941)

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

 Head

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

 Neck

1.44 (1.20–1.73)

0.97 (0.76–1.23)

1.13 (0.63–2.03)

1.00 (0.89–1.13)

1.05 (0.92–1.20)

1.13 (0.90–1.40)

 Thorax

2.95 (2.64–3.28)

1.32 (1.13–1.54)

2.41 (1.73–3.35)

1.47 (1.36–1.58)

1.43 (1.31–1.56)

1.29 (1.10–1.50)

 Abdomen, lower back, lumbar spine & pelvis

1.23 (1.08–1.40)

0.57 (0.47–0.69)

0.98 (0.65–1.48)

1.67 (1.56–1.79)

1.57 (1.45–1.70)

1.58 (1.38–1.80)

 Shoulder & upper arm

0.29 (0.23–0.36)

0.10 (0.07–0.15)

1.01 (0.69–1.48)

1.45 (1.35–1.55)

1.17 (1.08–1.27)

1.60 (1.41–1.81)

 Elbow & forearm

0.10 (0.07–0.13)

0.04 (0.02–0.07)

0.91 (0.64–1.29)

1.23 (1.15–1.31)

0.93 (0.86–1.00)

1.38 (1.22–1.55)

 Wrist & hand

0.03 (0.02–0.05)

0.02 (0.01–0.03)

0.66 (0.47–0.92)

0.75 (0.70–0.79)

0.58 (0.54–0.63)

0.90 (0.80–1.01)

 Hip & thigh

1.46 (1.30–1.63)

0.27 (0.21–0.34)

2.54 (1.92–3.37)

1.92 (1.81–2.04)

1.70 (1.58–1.82)

1.78 (1.59–2.01)

 Knee & lower leg

0.24 (0.20–0.29)

0.08 (0.06–0.11)

0.89 (0.64–1.24)

1.11 (1.05–1.18)

0.88 (0.82–0.95)

1.46 (1.31–1.63)

 Ankle & foot

0.09 (0.05–0.14)

0.04 (0.02–0.10)

0.42 (0.20–0.87)

1.13 (1.03–1.24)

1.06 (0.95–1.18)

1.77 (1.52–2.06)

 Foreign body

0.54 (0.40–0.74)

0.34 (0.22–0.53)

1.27 (0.68–2.38)

0.85 (0.73–0.97)

0.74 (0.62–0.88)

0.58 (0.42–0.81)

 Burns

2.15 (1.76–2.64)

1.82 (1.43–2.33)

1.16 (0.54–2.51)

1.57 (1.38–1.80)

1.78 (1.53–2.06)

3.32 (2.75–4.02)

 Multiple body regions

0.92 (0.13–6.72)

##

##

2.31 (1.00–5.32)

1.71 (0.60–4.87)

##

 Unspecified body region

0.12 (0.03–0.49)

##

##

1.56 (1.22–1.98)

1.22 (0.90–1.65)

0.92 (0.51–1.64)

 Body region not relevant

5.39 (4.94–5.90)

3.91 (3.52–4.34)

3.80 (2.90–4.97)

1.58 (1.48–1.69)

1.42 (1.31–1.53)

1.11 (0.97–1.28)

 Superficial injury

0.33 (0.25–0.43)

0.57 (0.39–0.85)

0.41 (0.24–0.69)

0.80 (0.74–0.86)

0.88 (0.81–0.97)

0.50 (0.42–0.59)

 Open wound

0.18 (0.14–0.22)

0.33 (0.24–0.45)

0.57 (0.43–0.75)

0.63 (0.60–0.66)

0.65 (0.61–0.69)

0.58 (0.52–0.63)

 Fracture

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

 Dislocation, sprain & strain

0.12 (0.08–0.17)

0.05 (0.01–0.14)

0.25 (0.14–0.43)

0.57 (0.53–0.61)

0.59 (0.54–0.64)

0.48 (0.41–0.55)

 Injury to nerves & spinal cord

1.19 (0.90–1.57)

2.81 (1.98–4.01)

0.51 (0.21–1.23)

0.59 (0.51–0.69)

0.66 (0.54–0.80)

0.55 (0.41–0.74)

 Injury to blood vessels

1.66 (1.24–2.21)

3.73 (2.56–5.43)

1.06 (0.50–2.25)

0.54 (0.44–0.66)

0.56 (0.43–0.71)

0.42 (0.28–0.63)

 Injury to muscle & tendon

0.08 (0.05–0.14)

0.06 (0.02–0.18)

0.32 (0.18–0.56)

0.51 (0.47–0.55)

0.49 (0.44–0.55)

0.46 (0.39–0.54)

 Crushing injury

##

##

##

0.55 (0.37–0.81)

0.47 (0.28–0.81)

0.21 (0.07–0.66)

 Traumatic amputation

0.30 (0.17–0.55)

0.92 (0.48–1.79)

0.25 (0.06–1.02)

0.81 (0.69–0.94)

0.73 (0.60–0.89)

0.98 (0.77–1.26)

 Eye injury- excluding foreign body

0.36 (0.14–0.97)

0.68 (0.17–2.72)

0.42 (0.06–2.99)

1.45 (1.15–1.82)

1.60 (1.23–2.09)

1.15 (0.75–1.75)

 Intracranial injury

4.67 (4.23–5.16)

13.53 (11.80–15.53)

1.27 (0.91–1.79)

0.83 (0.77–0.91)

1.07 (0.98–1.18)

0.75 (0.64–0.87)

 Injury to internal organs

14.69 (13.01–16.59)

19.37 (16.12–23.28)

2.17 (1.35–3.51)

1.02 (0.88–1.17)

1.46 (1.25–1.69)

1.05 (0.83–1.34)

 Foreign body

0.73 (0.54–1.00)

1.33 (0.85–2.06)

0.86 (0.47–1.57)

0.59 (0.52–0.68)

0.63 (0.53–0.74)

0.33 (0.24–0.46)

 Burns

2.90 (2.38–3.54)

7.03 (5.46–9.04)

0.78 (0.37–1.66)

1.11 (0.97–1.26)

1.50 (1.30–1.73)

1.91 (1.60–2.28)

 Other and unspecified injury

0.14 (0.10–0.19)

0.25 (0.16–0.39)

0.34 (0.22–0.52)

0.86 (0.81–0.91)

1.00 (0.94–1.07)

0.35 (0.30–0.40)

 Systemic-poisoning/toxic effects

7.56 (7.00–8.16)

15.46 (13.69–17.46)

2.63 (2.13–3.23)

1.13 (1.07–1.20)

1.21 (1.13–1.30)

0.61 (0.53–0.70)

 Other effects of external cause/complication

5.02 (4.13–6.10)

11.65 (9.08–14.95)

2.07 (1.16–3.70)

0.97 (0.82–1.15)

1.07 (0.87–1.31)

0.87 (0.64–1.19)

 1

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

 2

0.94 (0.81–1.08)

0.85 (0.69–1.06)

0.39 (0.20–0.76)

1.12 (1.04–1.22)

1.03 (0.93–1.13)

0.97 (0.83–1.12)

 3

1.07 (0.94–1.22)

0.93 (0.76–1.13)

2.21 (1.54–3.17)

1.06 (0.98–1.14)

1.01 (0.92–1.11)

1.04 (0.91–1.19)

 4

0.85 (0.76–0.96)

0.97 (0.82–1.15)

1.26 (0.88–1.81)

1.08 (1.01–1.15)

1.03 (0.95–1.11)

0.94 (0.84–1.06)

 5

0.74 (0.64–0.85)

0.88 (0.72–1.08)

0.94 (0.60–1.48)

0.91 (0.84–0.99)

0.86 (0.78–0.94)

0.88 (0.76–1.01)

 6

0.77 (0.67–0.88)

0.98 (0.81–1.18)

1.16 (0.77–1.75)

1.03 (0.96–1.11)

0.99 (0.91–1.08)

1.04 (0.91–1.19)

 7

0.74 (0.65–0.85)

0.81 (0.67–0.99)

1.20 (0.80–1.81)

0.97 (0.90–1.05)

0.94 (0.86–1.03)

0.93 (0.81–1.06)

 8

0.73 (0.65–0.81)

0.88 (0.75–1.03)

1.70 (1.23–2.34)

1.04 (0.97–1.10)

0.93 (0.87–1.00)

0.94 (0.84–1.05)

 9

0.68 (0.61–0.77)

0.75 (0.63–0.88)

1.62 (1.17–2.25)

1.10 (1.03–1.17)

0.92 (0.86–0.99)

0.85 (0.76–0.95)

 10

0.65 (0.57–0.73)

0.77 (0.65–0.91)

1.59 (1.14–2.22)

1.13 (1.06–1.20)

0.85 (0.79–0.92)

0.81 (0.72–0.91)

 999

##

##

##

##

##

##