Risk factors for malnutrition among school-aged children: a cross-sectional study in rural Madagascar

BMC Public Health

Table 1 Prevalence of malnutrition among schoolchildren 5–14 years of age

Primary school	N	Stunting^a n = 393		Underweight^b n = 382		Thinness^c N = 393		Overweight^d N = 393		Obsesity^e N = 393
Primary school	N	n	(%)	n	(%)	n	(%)	n	(%)	n	(%)
Ambohimarina	25	9	36.0	7	30.4	2	8.0	1	4.0	0	0.0
Ambohitrarahaba	106	33	31.1	36	34.6	10	9.4	1	0.9	0	0.0
Ambohitsoa	38	11	28.9	10	27.8	3	7.9	0	0.0	0	0.0
Ambovona	9	5	55.6	5	55.6	3	33.3	1	11.1	0	0.0
Ankadinandriana	21	10	47.6	9	42.9	1	4.5	0	0.0	0	0.0
Isahafa	45	12	26.7	14	31.8	2	4.4	1	2.2	0	0.0
Ikianja	31	13	41.9	12	41.4	5	16.1	0	0.0	0	0.0
Soavinandriamanitra	35	14	40.0	15	45.5	5	14.3	0	0.0	0	0.0
Tsarahasina	50	18	36.0	20	40.0	5	10.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
Viliahazo	33	12	36.4	17	51.5	8	24.2	0	0.0	0	0.0
Total	393	137	34.9	145	36.9	44	11.2	4	1.0	0	0.0
Total	393	95% CI: 30.4–39.7		95% CI: 32.2–41.9		95% CI: 8.5–14.7		95% CI: 0.4–2.6		95% CI: 0.0–1.0
National prevalence among children under 5 years of age		49.2^f		36.0^g		(n.a.)^h		6.2ⁱ		(n.a.)^h

^aZ-score for height-for-age < −2 [7]
^bZ-score for weight-for-age < −2 [7]. As WHO’s growth reference does not cover children 121 months of age and older, 11 children categorized into the age group were excluded from estimation of prevalence of underweight [18]
^cZ-score for BMI-for-age < − 2 [7]
^d2 > Z-score for BMI-for-age > 1 [7]
^eZ-score for BMI-for-age > 2 [7]
^fNationally representative prevalence among children under 5 years of age as of 2015 (IFPRI, 2016) [8]
^gNationally representative prevalence among children under 5 years of age as of 2008–2012 (UNICEF, 2018) [19]
^hThinness and obesity are not internationally employed as malnutrition indicators for children under 5 years of age
ⁱNationally representative prevalence among children under 5 years of age as of 2004 (World Bank, 2018) [20]

ISSN: 1471-2458