Table 2 Sociodemographic factors associated on univariate analysis with 6-month emergency room visits and hospitalisation in a Singaporean public rental flat population (N = 928)
|  | Attended emergency room in past 6 months (n%) | Unadjusted odds ratio (95% CI) | p-value | Hospitalised in past 6 months (n%) | Unadjusted odds ratio (95% CI) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sociodemographic factors | ||||||
 Age | ||||||
  Age < 70 yrs | 37/452 (8.2) | 1.00 | 0.490 | 40/452 (8.8) | 1.00 | 0.072 |
  Age ≥ 70 yrs | 46/476 (9.7) | 1.20 (0.76–1.88) | 60/476 (12.6) | 1.49 (0.97–2.26) | ||
 Gender | ||||||
  Male | 47/553 (8.5) | 1.00 | 0.560 | 55/553 (9.9) | 1.00 | 0.333 |
  Female | 36/375 (9.6) | 1.14 (0.73–1.80) | 45/375 (12.0) | 1.24 (0.81–1.88) | ||
 Ethnicity | ||||||
  Non-Chinese | 15/143 (10.5) | 1.00 | 0.523 | 15/143 (10.5) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
  Chinese | 68/785 (8.7) | 0.81 (0.45–1.46) | 85/785 (10.8) | 1.04 (0.58–1.85) | ||
 Religion | ||||||
  Atheist | 28/209 (13.4) | 1.00 | 0.013 | 28/209 (13.4) | 1.00 | 0.165 |
  Religious | 55/719 (7.6) | 0.54 (0.33–0.87) | 72/7119 (10.0) | 0.72 (0.45–1.15) | ||
 Marital status | ||||||
  Not married | 55/638 (8.6) | 1.00 | 0.621 | 70/638 (11.0) | 1.00 | 0.820 |
  Married | 28/290 (9.7) | 1.13 (0.70–1.83) | 30/290 (10.3) | 0.94 (0.60–1.47) | ||
 Educational status | ||||||
  No formal education | 41/460 (8.9) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 56/460 (12.2) | 1.00 | 0.204 |
  Formal education | 42/468 (9.0) | 1.01(0.64–1.58) | 44/468 (9.4) | 0.75 (0.49–1.14) |  | |
Employment | ||||||
  Not working | 62/605 (10.2) | 1.00 | 0.070 | 84/605 (13.9) | 1.00 | < 0.001 |
  Working | 21/323 (6.5) | 0.61 (0.36–1.02) | 16/323(5.0) | 0.32 (0.19–0.56) | ||
 Principal source of income from financial aid | ||||||
  No | 60/715 (8.4) | 1.00 | 0.276 | 73/715 (10.2) | 1.00 | 0.315 |
  Yes | 23/213 (10.8) | 1.32 (0.80–2.19) | 27/213 (12.7) | 1.28 (0.80–2.04) | ||
Social network | ||||||
 Staying alone | ||||||
  Staying with someone | 49/577 (8.5) | 1.00 | 0.554 | 55/577(9.5) | 1.00 | 0.127 |
  Staying alone | 34/351 (9.7) | 1.16 (0.73–1.83) | 45/351 (12.8) | 1.40 (0.92–2.12) | ||
 Participating in social activities | ||||||
  No | 14/126 (11.1) | 1.00 | 0.400 | 17/126 (13.5) | 1.00 | 0.282 |
  Yes | 69/802 (8.6) | 0.75 (0.41–1.38) | 83/802 (10.3) | 0.74 (0.42–1.30) | ||
 Participating in fitness activities | ||||||
  No | 24/284 (8.5) | 1.00 | 0.803 | 32/284 (11.3) | 1.00 | 0.732 |
  Yes | 59/644 (9.2) | 1.09 (0.67–1.80) | 68/644 (10.6) | 0.93 (0.60–1.45) | ||
 Being a recipient of community services | ||||||
  No | 32/421 (7.6) | 1.00 | 0.205 | 33/421 (7.8) | 1.00 | 0.010 |
  Yes | 51/507 (10.1) | 1.36 (0.86–2.20) | 67/507 (13.2) | 1.79 (1.16–2.78) | ||
 Lubben’s Social Network Score (LSNS 12) | ||||||
  LSNS< 20 | 27/336 (8.0) | 1.00 | 0.618 | 27/336(8.0) | 1.00 | 0.127 |
  LSNS≥20 | 45/494 (9.1) | 1.15 (0.70–1.89) | 57/494 (11.5) | 1.49 (.92–2.41) | ||
 Depression (PHQ-2) | ||||||
  Not depressed (0–2) | 68/821 (8.3) | 1.00 | 0.065 | 79/821 (9.6) | 1.00 | 0.021 |
12/82 (14.6) | 1.89 (0.98–3.68) | 15/82 (18.3) | 2.10 (1.15–3.89) | |||
 Loneliness (UCLA 3-item) | ||||||
44/640 (6.9) | 1.00 | 0.008 | 57/640 (8.9) | 1.00 | 0.071 | |
29/225 (12.9) | 2.00 (1.22–3.29) | 30/225 (13.3) | 1.57 (0.98–2.52) | |||
 Experienced at least 1 stressful life event in the past year | ||||||
  No | 8/47 (17.0) | 1.00 | 0.061 | 10/47 (21.3) | 1.00 | 0.027 |
  Yes | 75/881 (8.5) | 0.45 (0.21–1.00) | 90/881 (10.2) | 0.42 (0.20–0.88) | ||
Functional status | ||||||
 Visual problems | ||||||
  No visual problems | 66/756 (8.7) | 1.00 | 0.657 | 72/756 (9.5) | 1.00 | 0.014 |
  Has visual problems | 17/172 (9.9) | 1.15 (0.65–2.00) | 28/172 (16.2) | 1.85 (1.15–2.96) | ||
 Hearing problems | ||||||
  No hearing problems | 72/812 (8.9) | 1.00 | 0.862 | 82/812 (10.1) | 1.00 | 0.107 |
  Has hearing problems | 11/116 (9.5) | 1.08 (0.55–2.10) | 18/116(15.5) | 1.64 (0.94–2.84) | ||
 Falls | ||||||
  No falls | 50/688 (7.3) | 1.00 | 0.004 | 60/688 (8.7) | 1.00 | 0.001 |
  At least 1 fall in past year | 33/240 (13.8) | 2.03 (1.28–3.24) | 40/240 (16.7) | 2.09 (1.36–3.22) | ||
 bADLs | ||||||
  No limitations in bADLs | 54/732 (7.4) | 1.00 | 0.003 | 63/732 (8.6) | 1.00 | < 0.001 |
  Some limitations in bADLs | 29/196 (14.8) | 2.18 (1.34–3.53) | 37/196 (18.9) | 2.47 (1.59–3.84) | ||
 iADLs | ||||||
  No limitations in iADLs | 42/617 (6.8) | 1.00 | 0.002 | 43/617 (7.0) | 1.00 | < 0.001 |
  Some limitations in iADLs | 41/311 (13.2) | 2.08 (1.32–3.27) | 57/311 (18.3) | 3.00 (1.96–4.57) | ||
Self-management | ||||||
 Coping (PIH coping subscale) | ||||||
  Poorer coping | 51/384 (13.3) | 1.00 | 0.016 | 61/384 (15.9) | 1.00 | 0.005 |
  Better coping | 27/351 (7.7) | 0.54 (0.33–0.89) | 31/351 (8.8) | 0.51 (0.32–0.81) | ||
 Adherence (PIH adherence subscale) | ||||||
  Poorer adherence | 39 /424 (9.2) | 1.00 | 0.031 | 48/424 (11.3) | 1.00 | 0.090 |
  Better adherence | 42/289 (14.5) | 1.68 (1.06–2.67) | 46 /289 (15.9) | 1.48 (0.96–2.29) | ||
 Knowledge (PIH knowledge subscale) | ||||||
  Poorer knowledge | 48/392 (12.2) | 1.00 | 0.345 | 59/392 (15.1) | 1.00 | 0.192 |
  Better knowledge | 33 (9.8) | 0.78 (0.49–1.24) | 39/336 (11.6) | 0.74 (0.48–1.14) | ||
Medical status | ||||||
 Charlson Comorbidity Index | ||||||
  CCMI = 0 | 12/337 (3.6) | 1.00 | < 0.001 | 15/337 (4.5) | 1.00 | < 0.001 |
  CCMI≥1 | 71/591 (12.0) | 3.70 (1.98–6.92) | 85/591(14.4) | 3.61 (2.05–6.35) | ||
 Smoking status | ||||||
  Not smoking | 63/689 (9.1) | 1.00 | 0.793 | 79/689 (11.5) | 1.00 | 0.277 |
  Currently smoking | 20/239 (8.4) | 0.91 (0.54–1.54) | 21/239 (8.8) | 0.74 (0.45–1.23) | ||
 Self-rated health (HRQoL) | ||||||
  Not in perfect health | 57/509 (11.2) | 1.00 | 0.008 | 75/509 (14.7) | 1.00 | < 0.001 |
  In perfect health | 26/419 (6.2) | 0.53 (0.32–0.85) | 25/419 (6.0) | 0.36 (0.23–0.59) | ||
Medical consultation | ||||||
 Seen a primary care practitioner in past 6 months | ||||||
  No | 28/210 (13.3) | 1.00 | 0.019 | 30/210 (14.3) | 1.00 | 0.075 |
  Yes | 54/698 (7.7) | 0.55 (0.34–0.89) | 68/698 (9.7) | 0.65 (0.41–1.03) | ||
 Seen a traditional medicine practitioner in past 6 months | ||||||
  No | 70/750 (9.3) | 1.00 | 0.545 | 85/750 (11.3) | 1.00 | 0.323 |
  Yes | 12/158 (7.6) | 0.78 (0.42–1.51) | 13/58 (8.2) | 0.70 (0.38–1.29) | ||