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Table 4 Individual and school factors associated with BMI

From: Association between school-level attributes and weight status of Ghanaian primary school children

 

Model 1

Null model

 

Model 2

Individual

Model 3

School

Model 4

Individual & school

Estimate (95% CI)

SE

Estimate (95% CI)

SE

Estimate (95% CI)

SE

Estimate (95% CI)

SE

Fixed effects

Individual level

 Intercept

17.136 (16.233, 18.038)

0.460

      

 Age

  

0.304 (−0.002, 0.609)

0.156

  

0.396 (0.102, 0.691)*

0.150

 Sex (Boys)

  

0.011 (−0.563, 0.583)

0.293

  

0.001 (− 0.571, 0.573)

0.292

 Household wealth index

  

0.010 (−0.152, 0.172)

0.083

    

 Household SES

        

 Poor (ref)

        

 Middle

  

0.113 (−0.547, 0.774)

0.337

    

 Rich

  

0.132 (−0.726, 0.990)

0.438

    

School level

 School level SES

    

0.959 (0.481, 1.437)**

0.244

1.015 (0.499, 1.530)**

0.263

 School type (private)

    

1.744 (0.185, 3.303)*

0.795

−1.795 (−3.078, −0.513)*

0.654

 School cafeteria

    

1.832 (0.324, 3.340)*

0.769

0.742 (−0.330, 1.814)

0.547

 School shop

    

2.344 (0.926, 3.762)*

0.724

0.276 (−0.781, 1.333)

0.539

 Fast foods restaurants close to school

    

1.101 (−2.401, 4.602)

1.787

–

–

 Healthful foods

    

0.769 (0.012, 1.526)*

0.386

0.306 (−0.136, 0.748)

0.225

 Less healthful foods

    

0.382 (0.003, 0.762)*

0.194

−0.094 (− 0.306, 0.119)

0.108

 PA facility index

    

−0.143 (− 0.391, 0.105)

0.126

–

–

 Minutes per week for PA

    

−0.014 (− 0.064, 0.035)

0.025

–

–

 School support for active transport

    

−0.136 (− 0.840, 0.568)

0.359

–

–

 Perceived neighbourhood quality

    

0.176 (−0.327, 0.678)

0.256

–

–

 After school recreational facilities

    

1.134 (0.562, 1.705)**

0.291

0.894 (0.525, 1.263)**

0.23

 Physical activity policy

    

−2.957 (−6.088, 0.174)

1.597

–

–

 Nutrition policy & healthy eating policy

    

−0.657 (−3.247, 1.933)

1.321

–

–

 Physical activity on timetable

    

−1.098 (3.585, 1.389)

1.269

–

–

Random effects

 Individual level

10.802 (9.574, 12.187)**

0.665

      

 School level

2.650 (1.121, 6.265)**

1.163

      

 ICC

0.197 (0.093, 0.370)

0.070

      
  1. Explanatory variables that were significant compared with the empty model were selected for the final model (model 4). Variables included: school level SES, school type, school cafeteria, school shop, healthy food, less healthful foods, after school recreational facilities, sex and child’s age. b Linear mixed models used, where variables were modelled as fixed effects and school as random effects. SE standard error, CI confidence intervals. * = p < 0.05; ** = p < 0.0001
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BMC Public Health

ISSN: 1471-2458

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