From: The association between urbanization and child height: a multilevel study in China
effects | 5–12 years | 13–18 years | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model 5 | Model 6 | Model 7 | Model 8 | |||||||||
Coefficient | SE | P | Coefficient | SE | P | Coefficient | SE | P | Coefficient | SE | P | |
Fixed effects | ||||||||||||
Intercept | −9.18 | 1.12 | < 0.01 | −9.26 | 1.17 | < 0.01 | −13.19 | 1.23 | < 0.01 | −12.23 | 1.27 | < 0.01 |
Individual variables- Level-1 | ||||||||||||
Gender (ref. = female) | 0.13 | 0.08 | 0.10 | 0.14 | 0.08 | 0.09 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.34 | 0.10 | 0.08 | 0.24 |
Ethnicity (ref. = Han) | ||||||||||||
Miao | −0.09 | 0.27 | 0.76 | − 0.11 | 0.27 | 0.69 | −0.30 | 0.36 | 0.56 | −0.29 | 0.34 | 0.55 |
Buyi | −0.41 | 0.33 | 0.26 | −0.28 | 0.34 | 0.43 | −0.20 | 0.26 | 0.58 | −0.05 | 0.25 | 0.87 |
Tujia | −0.57 | 0.35 | 0.15 | −0.53 | 0.35 | 0.18 | −0.13 | 0.36 | 0.78 | −0.10 | 0.34 | 0.82 |
Maternal height | 0.05 | 0.01 | < 0.01 | 0.05 | 0.01 | < 0.01 | 0.08 | 0.01 | < 0.01 | 0.08 | 0.01 | < 0.01 |
Maternal Education level (ref. = low school) | ||||||||||||
middle school | 0.12 | 0.10 | 0.24 | 0.09 | 0.10 | 0.38 | 0.06 | 0.11 | 0.58 | −0.06 | 0.11 | 0.57 |
high school | 0.55 | 0.16 | < 0.01 | 0.37 | 0.17 | 0.03 | 0.27 | 0.17 | 0.11 | −0.07 | 0.18 | 0.68 |
Family income per capita (ref. = 1st Q) | ||||||||||||
2nd Quintile | 0.18 | 0.13 | 0.18 | 0.19 | 0.13 | 0.14 | 0.23 | 0.16 | 0.15 | 0.18 | 0.15 | 0.23 |
3rd Quintile | 0.35 | 0.13 | < 0.01 | 0.35 | 0.13 | 0.01 | 0.14 | 0.15 | 0.36 | 0.10 | 0.15 | 0.50 |
4th Quintile | 0.31 | 0.13 | 0.02 | 0.30 | 0.14 | 0.03 | 0.11 | 0.15 | 0.47 | 0.07 | 0.15 | 0.63 |
5th Quintile | 0.29 | 0.14 | 0.04 | 0.24 | 0.14 | 0.09 | 0.31 | 0.15 | 0.04 | 0.21 | 0.15 | 0.16 |
Energy intake from protein (%) | 3.44 | 1.25 | < 0.01 | 2.83 | 1.26 | 0.03 | 1.65 | 1.40 | 0.24 | 1.22 | 1.36 | 0.37 |
Community variables- Level-2 | ||||||||||||
Urbanization Index (ref. = 1st Q) | ||||||||||||
2nd Quintile | 0.10 | 0.16 | 0.51 | 0.14 | 0.18 | 0.42 | ||||||
3rd Quintile | 0.24 | 0.16 | 0.14 | 0.19 | 0.17 | 0.25 | ||||||
4th Quintile | 0.21 | 0.17 | 0.20 | 0.22 | 0.18 | 0.21 | ||||||
5th Quintile | 0.36 | 0.17 | 0.04 | 0.35 | 0.18 | 0.05 | ||||||
Urbanization components | ||||||||||||
Communication | 0.03 | 0.05 | 0.50 | −0.02 | 0.04 | 0.67 | ||||||
Population Density | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.23 | 0.09 | 0.04 | 0.01 | ||||||
Diversity | −0.01 | 0.05 | 0.86 | 0.08 | 0.05 | 0.09 | ||||||
Economic Activity | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.49 | −0.01 | 0.02 | 0.83 | ||||||
Health Infrastructure | < 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.88 | < 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.85 | ||||||
Housing | −0.03 | 0.05 | 0.54 | − 0.11 | 0.05 | 0.03 | ||||||
Traditional Markets | −0.01 | 0.02 | 0.55 | −0.01 | 0.02 | 0.57 | ||||||
Social Services | − 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.32 | −0.02 | 0.02 | 0.15 | ||||||
Transportation | −0.02 | 0.03 | 0.38 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.08 | ||||||
Education | 0.11 | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.15 | 0.04 | < 0.01 | ||||||
Modern Markets | −0.03 | 0.03 | 0.22 | −0.01 | 0.03 | 0.67 | ||||||
Sanitation | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.31 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.57 | ||||||
Random effects | ||||||||||||
Intercept | 0.16 | 0.05 | < 0.01 | 0.15 | 0.05 | < 0.01 | 0.06 | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.40 |
Residual | 1.15 | 0.07 | < 0.01 | 1.13 | 0.06 | < 0.01 | 0.70 | 0.06 | < 0.01 | 0.70 | 0.06 | < 0.01 |
-2LL | 2491.5 | 2477.2 | 1118.9 | 1083.8 | ||||||||
ICC | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.08 | 0.01 |