Do country-level environmental factors explain cross-national variation in adolescent physical activity? A multilevel study in 29 European countries

Table 3 Multilevel models for moderate- to- vigorous-intensity physical activity with unstandardised and standardised fixed effects at individual- and country-level (N = 138,014)

		Model 1			Model 2			Model 3
		b (SE)	p	β	b (SE)	p	β	b (SE)	p	β
Fixed effects (individual -level)	Intercept	6.096 (0.196)	< .001		5.649 (1.505)	< .001		6.081 (0.357)	< .001
	Gender ^a	0.619 (0.037)	< .001	.16	0.619 (0.037)	< .001	.16	0.619 (0.037)	< .001	.16
	Age	−0.167 (0.012)	< .001	−.14	−0.167 (0.012)	< .001	−.14	−0.167 (0.012)	< .001	−.14
Fixed effects (country-level)	Ntl. temperature				−0.039 (0.015)	.010	−.39	−0.036 (0.017)	.032	−.37
	Urbanisation				0.001 (0.007)	.923	.03
	Adult PA				0.001 (0.007)	.867	.03
	Safety				0.016 (0.007)	.017	.54	0.014 (0.004)	.001	.49
	Ntl. income				−0.029 (0.016)	.072	−.46	−0.031 (0.009)	.001	−.49
	Income inequality				0.006 (0.019)	.732	.08
	PE policy				−0.003 (0.002)	.070	−.25	−0.003 (0.001)	.024	−.25
	Transport policy				−0.039 (0.138)	.778	−.06
Variance components	Individual-level	3.776 (0.057)	< .001		3.776 (0.057)	< .001		3.776 (0.057)	< .001
	School-level	0.137 (0.013)	< .001		0.137 (0.013)	< .001		0.137 (0.014)	< .001
	Country-level ^b	0.106 (0.026)	< .001		0.066 (0.014)	< .001		0.066 (0.015)	< .001

Ntl. National, PA Physical Activity, PE Physical Education, National income divided by 1000 for interpretability of b values
^aFemale is reference group.
^bExplained country-level variance = (106–.066)/.106 = .38
p<.05 are set in bold

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