Table 1 Outcome measures and testing methods for data collection

Health and demographics

Written questionnaire developed by the researchers – questions regarding: socio-demographic, health, lifestyle and dietary factors.

Physical Activity

International Physical Activity Questionnaire - short form [43]

Height, weight, waist and hip circumference

ISAK^b anthropometry methods [44] – stadiometer, Tanita Electronic Scales, Lufkin W600 PM flexible steel tape

Muscle mass and fat mass

Dual-emission X-ray absorptiometry, Hologic, Discovery QDR series

Fasting blood glucose

HemoCue Glucose 201RT

HbA1c

Cobas b 101 system [45]

Lipid Profile (total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL-C, LDL-C^a)

Cobas b 101 system [45]

Apolipoprotein E ε4

Polymerase chain reaction amplification and direct nucleotide sequence analysis

Blood pressure

Digital Automatic Blood Pressure Monitor, Omron HEM-907

Food Frequency Questionnaire

Via Survey Monkey – adapted from Beck et al. [46]

Estimated 4-day food diary

Paper form

Global cognitive function

Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) [47]

Multiple cognitive domains

Computerised Mental Performance Assessment System (COMPASS-Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK) refer Table 2