Table 1 Employee characteristics by income group (N = 5235)
From: Anteceding factors predicting absenteeism and presenteeism in urban area in Malaysia
Employee Characteristics | < RM4000 | RM4000 - RM7999 | >RM8000 | Overall |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Age, years | 1856 (35.4%) | 1548 (29.6%) | 1831 (35.0%) | 5235 (100%) |
Mean (SD) | 27.9 (6.0) | 34.7 (7.6) | 39.0 (8.5) | 33.8 (8.8) |
Median (IQR) | 26 (6) | 33 (10) | 38 (12) | 32 (12)*** |
(Min, Max) | (18, 59) | (21, 85) | (19, 67) | (18, 85) |
Age years, No. (%) | ||||
 Age 18 to 24 | 609 (32.8) | 41 (2.6) | 54 (.03) | 704 (13.5)*** |
 Age 25 to 34 | 1004 (54.1) | 840 (54.3) | 545 (29.8) | 2389 (45.6) |
 Age 35 to 44 | 197 (10.6) | 496 (32.0) | 770 (42.0) | 1463 (28.0) |
 Age 45 to 54 | 43 (2.3) | 136 (8.8) | 367 (20.0) | 546 (10.4) |
 Age 55 to 64 | 3 (0.2) | 33 (2.1) | 93 (5.1) | 129 (2.5) |
 Age 65 above | 0 (0.0) | 2 (0.1) | 2 (0.1) | 4 (0.0) |
Gender, No. (%) | ||||
 Male | 592 (31.9) | 572 (37.0) | 812 (44.4) | 1976 (37.8) *** |
 Female | 1264 (68.1) | 976 (63.0) | 1019 (56.7) | 3259 (62.3) |
Ethnicity, No. (%) | ||||
 Malay | 896 (48.3) | 530 (34.2) | 409 (22.3) | 1835 (35.1) *** |
 Chinese | 551 (29.7) | 733 (47.4) | 1066 (58.2) | 2350 (44.9) |
 Indian | 341 (18.4) | 249 (16.1) | 300 (16.4) | 890 (17.0) |
 Others | 68 (3.7) | 36 (2.3) | 56 (3.1) | 160 (3.1) |
Marital Status, No. (%) | ||||
 Single | 1237 (66.7) | 631 (40.8) | 504 (27.5) | 2372 (45.3) *** |
 Married | 557 (30.0) | 838 (54.1) | 1177 (64.3) | 2572 (49.1) |
 Separated/Divorced/Widowed | 29 (1.6) | 50 (3.2) | 53 (2.9) | 132 (2.5) |
 Prefer not to say | 33 (1.8) | 29 (1.9) | 97 (5.3) | 159 (3.0) |
Education, No. (%) | ||||
 Less than University | 558 (30.1) | 418 (27.0) | 363 (19.8) | 1339 (25.6) *** |
 University degree or higher | 1298 (69.9) | 1130 (73.0) | 1468 (80.2) | 3896 (74.4) |
Occupation, No. (%) | ||||
 Manager | 113 (7.2) | 513 (33.1) | 962 (52.5) | 1608 (30.7) *** |
 Professional | 554 (29.8) | 515 (33.2) | 527 (28.8) | 1596 (30.5) |
 Technician or junior professional | 402 (21.7) | 232 (15) | 87 (4.8) | 721 (13.8) |
 Clerical support worker | 427 (23.0) | 133 (8.6) | 56 (3.1) | 616 (1.8) |
 Service worker | 64 (3.5) | 24 (1.6) | 8 (0.4) | 96 (1.8) |
 Sales worker | 125 (6.7) | 54 (3.5) | 23 (1.3) | 202 (3.9) |
 Skilled worker | 4 (0.2) | 2 (0.1) | 1 (0.1) | 7 (0.1) |
Financial Concern, No. (%) | ||||
 Don’t know | 147 (7.9) | 75 (5) | 167 (9) | 389 (7.4) |
 Yes, a little | 589 (31.7) | 509 (32.9) | 801 (43.7) | 1899 (36.3) *** |
 Yes, a lot | 806 (43.4) | 722 (46.6) | 752 (41.1) | 2280 (43.5) |
 No | 461 (25.9) | 317 (20.5) | 278 (15.2) | 1056 (20.2) |
Employment Length, years | ||||
 Number | 1856 | 1548 | 1831 | 5235 |
 Mean (SD) | 3.5 (4.5) | 7.2 (7.0) | 8.0 (8.0) | 6.2 (6.9) |
 Median (IQR) | 2 (3) | 5 (8) | 5 (9) | 4 (7) *** |
 (Min, Max) | (0, 34) | (0, 40) | (0, 40) | (0, 40) |
Work Irregular Hours, No. (%) | ||||
 Yes | 496 (26.7) | 303 (19.6) | 304 (16.6) | 1103 (21.1) |
Job Satisfaction, No. (%) | ||||
 Agree | 1223 (65.9) | 1076 (69.5) | 1306 (71.3) | 3605 (68.9)** |
 Neither agree nor disagree | 310 (16.7) | 243 (15.7) | 286 (15.6) | 839 (16.0) |
 Disagree | 323 (17.4) | 229 (14.8) | 239 (13.1) | 791 (15.1) |
Physical Health, No. (%) | ||||
 Very good | 254 (13.7) | 191 (12.3) | 203 (11.1) | 648 (12.4) |
 Good | 1010 (54.4) | 840 (54.3) | 1007 (55.0) | 2857 (54.5) |
 Fair | 523 (28.2) | 457 (29.5) | 568 (31.0) | 1548 (29.6) |
 Poor | 65 (3.5) | 57 (3.7) | 45 (2.5) | 167 (3.2) |
 Very poor | 4 (0.2) | 3 (0.2) | 8 (0.4) | 15 (0.3) |
Mental Health, No. (%) | ||||
 Very good | 370 (19.9) | 288 (18.6) | 352 (19.2) | 1010 (19.3)* |
 Good | 941 (50.7) | 838 (54.1) | 1024 (55.9) | 2803 (53.5) |
 Fair | 444 (23.9) | 353 (22.8) | 395 (21.6) | 1192 (22.8) |
 Poor | 87 (4.7) | 59 (3.8) | 49 (2.7) | 195 (3.7) |
 Very poor | 14 (0.8) | 10 (0.7) | 11 (0.6) | 35 (0.7) |
Sleep length, hours | ||||
 Mean (SD) | 6.5 (1.2) | 6.4 (1.1) | 6.4 (1.0) | 6.4 (1.1) |
 Median (IQR) | 6 (1) | 6 (1) | 6 (1) | 6 (1) *** |
 (Min, Max) | (1, 12) | (3, 24) | (2, 15) | (1, 24) |
Health Condition Kidney Disease, No. (%) | ||||
 Yes | 4 (0.2) | 12 (0.8) | 12 (0.7) | 28 (0.5) |
Health Condition Diabetes, No. (%) | ||||
 Yes | 23 (1.2) | 37 (2.4) | 46 (2.5) | 106 (2.0)* |
Health Condition Migraines, No. (%) | ||||
 Yes | 243 (13.1) | 186 (12.0) | 233 (12.7) | 662 (13.7) |
Unwell Due to Work Stress, No. (%) | ||||
 Yes, definitely | 291 (15.7) | 233 (15.0) | 216 (11.8) | 740 (14.1) *** |
 Yes, to some extent | 981 (52.8) | 763 (49.3) | 823 (44.9) | 2567 (49.1) |
 No | 584 (31.5) | 552 (35.7) | 792 (43.3) | 1928 (37.8) |