Table 1 Characteristics of employees from 47 organisations in Malaysia (N = 5235)
Characteristic | Never bullied n = 3190 | Ever bullied n = 2045 | X 2 a |
|---|---|---|---|
Gender | 0.001 | ||
Male | 1286 (40.3) | 690 (33.7) | |
Female | 1904 (59.7) | 1355 (66.3) | |
Age (years) | 0.001 | ||
18–24 | 435 (13.6) | 269 (13.2) | |
25–34 | 1389 (43.5) | 1000 (48.9) | |
35–44 | 901 (28.2) | 562 (27.5) | |
45–54 | 368 (11.5) | 178 (8.7) | |
55–64 | 94 (2.9) | 35 (1.7) | |
≥ 65 | 3 (0.1) | 1 (0.0) | |
Ethnicity | 0.001 | ||
Malay | 1280 (40.1) | 555 (27.1) | |
Chinese | 1299 (40.7) | 1051 (51.4) | |
Indian | 515 (16.1) | 375 (18.3) | |
Other | 96 (3.1) | 64 (3.1) | |
Marital status | 0.001 | ||
Single | 1389 (43.5) | 983 (48.1) | |
Married | 1638 (51.3) | 934 (45.7) | |
Separated/ Divorced | 62 (1.9) | 39 (1.9) | |
Widowed | 23 (0.7) | 8 (0.4) | |
Prefer not to say | 78 (2.4) | 81 (4.0) | |
Educational attainment | 0.135 | ||
No formal education, primary, lower & upper secondary | 270 (8.5) | 163 (8.0) | |
Post secondary | 578 (18.1) | 328 (16.0) | |
Undergraduate degree | 1769 (55.5) | 1195 (58.4) | |
Postgraduate degree | 593 (18.0) | 359 (17.6) | |
Occupational group | 0.224 | ||
Manager | 995 (31.2) | 587 (28.7) | |
Professional | 896 (28.1) | 602 (29.4) | |
Technician or junior professional | 300 (9.4) | 191 (9.3) | |
Clerical support worker | 372 (11.7) | 223 (10.9) | |
Service worker | 32 (1.0) | 23 (1.1) | |
Sales worker | 110 (3.4) | 80 (3.9) | |
Skilled agricultural/ forestry/ fishery worker | 1 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
Plant and machine operator or assembler | 4 (0.1) | 0 (0.0) | |
Elementary occupations | 1 (0.0) | 1 (0.0) | |
Other | 265 (8.3) | 163 (8.0) | |
Don’t know | 43 (1.3) | 37 (1.8) | |
Prefer not to answer | 171 (5.4) | 138 (6.7) | |
Work irregular hours | 0.005 | ||
No | 2558 (80.2) | 1574 (77.0) | |
Yes | 632 (19.8) | 471 (23.0) | |
Psychological distress (K6) | 0.001 | ||
K6 score of 0 to 12 | 2930 (63.9) | 1657 (36.1) | |
K6 score of 13 and above | 260 (40.1) | 388 (59.9) | |
Individual income | 0.426 | ||
≤ RM 3999 | 1136 (35.6) | 720 (35.2) | |
RM 4000 to RM 7999 | 923 (28.9) | 625 (30.6) | |
RM 8000 and above | 1131 (35.5) | 700 (34.2) | |
Financial concerns | 0.001 | ||
No | 568 (17.8) | 488 (23.9) | |
Yes, a little | 1261 (39.5) | 638 (31.2) | |
Yes, a lot | 1361 (42.7) | 919 (44.9) |