Table 3 Overall costs (US$d), including direct and indirect costs, related to influenza-associated illness among outpatients in Kenya, July 2013–August 2014
From: The cost of influenza-associated hospitalizations and outpatient visits in Kenya
Expenditure item | < 5 years | ≥5 years | Total | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | Mean (SD) | Range (min-max) | n | Mean (SD) | Range (min-max) | n | Mean (SD) | Range (min-max) | |
Direct cost | 100 | 8.62 (6.15) | 3.23–33.00 | 55 | 5.97 (4.07) | 3.23–23.23 | 155 | 7.68 (5.63) | 3.23–33.00 |
Healthcare prior to hospital/clinic visit | 110 | 2.04 (4.67) | 0.00–27.78 | 58 | 0.17 (0.82) | 0.00–5.56 | 168 | 1.39 (3.90) | 0.00–27.78 |
Total facility-based medical costs | 108 | 4.30 (1.27) | 3.23–9.67 | 57 | 4.43 (1.36) | 3.23–8.89 | 165 | 4.34 (1.30) | 3.23–9.67 |
Medications | 108 | 0.96 (1.11) | 0.13–5.77 | 57 | 1.10 (1.20) | 0.04–5.11 | 165 | 1.01 (1.14) | 0.04–5.77 |
Hospital bed fees | – | NA | NA | – | NA | NA | – | NA | NA |
Procedure fees (non−/surgical) | 108 | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00–0.00 | 57 | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00–0.00 | 165 | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00–0.00 |
Diagnostic tests | 108 | 0.11 (0.51) | 0.00–5.00 | 57 | 0.11 (0.24) | 0.00–1.11 | 165 | 0.11 (0.43) | 0.00–5.00 |
Routine health facility service management costa | 108 | 3.23 (0.00)e | 3.23–3.23 | 57 | 3.23 (0.00)e | 3.23–3.23 | 165 | 3.23 (0.00)e | 3.23–3.23 |
Total transportation costs | 112 | 0.48 (0.83) | 0.00–4.44 | 58 | 0.25 (0.94) | 0.00–5.11 | 170 | 0.40 (0.87) | 0.00–5.11 |
Personal car/taxi | 1 | NE | NE | 0 | NE | NE | 1 | NE | NE |
Matatu/bus | 42 | 3.91 (8.42) | 0.44–41.67 | 6 | 8.24 (9.52) | 0.22–23.33 | 48 | 4.45 (8.58) | 0.22–41.67 |
Motorbike/bike/tuktuk | 17 | 2.59 (1.95) | 0.89–6.67 | 5 | 3.33 (1.96) | 1.67–6.67 | 22 | 2.76 (1.93) | 0.89–6.67 |
Healthcare after discharge | 112 | 2.46 (4.77) | 0.00–32.22 | 58 | 1.19 (3.48) | 0.00–19.44 | 170 | 2.03 (4.40) | 0.00–32.22 |
Child care cost | 112 | 0.04 (0.42) | 0.00–4.44 | 58 | 0.13 (0.78) | 0.00–5.56 | 170 | 0.07 (0.57) | 0.00–5.56 |
Indirect cost (Average household productivity lossb) | 106 | 13.87 (31.36) | 0.00–222.22 | 56 | 10.88 (16.65) | 0.00–69.44 | 162 | 12.84 (27.17) | 0.00–222.22 |
Total cost per episodec | 100 | 21.49 (31.42) | 3.23–235.00 | 55 | 16.79 (17.30) | 3.23–72.80 | 155 | 19.82 (27.29) | 3.23–235.00 |
Total cost per episode paid out of pocket | 100 | 19.21 (30.70) | 0.56–228.44 | 55 | 16.79 (17.30) | 3.23–72.80 | 155 | 18.35 (26.69) | 0.56–228.44 |