Table 2 Overall costs (US$d), including direct and indirect costs, related to influenza-associated illness among inpatients in Kenya, July 2013–August 2014
From: The cost of influenza-associated hospitalizations and outpatient visits in Kenya
Expenditure item | < 5 years | ≥5 years | Total | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | Mean (SD) | Range (min-max) | n | Mean (SD) | Range (min-max) | n | Mean (SD) | Range (min-max) | |
Direct cost | 76 | 75.42 (71.10) | 6.45–573.17 | 14 | 75.45 (36.27) | 23.89–143.91 | 90 | 75.43 (66.73) | 6.45–573.17 |
Healthcare prior to hospital/clinic visit | 88 | 7.59 (16.95) | 0.00–111.11 | 17 | 6.56 (8.48) | 0.00–27.78 | 105 | 7.42 (15.86) | 0.00–111.11 |
Total facility-based medical costs | 83 | 59.81 (63.60) | 6.45–561.50 | 15 | 55.77 (27.05) | 14.67–117.90 | 98 | 59.19 (59.39) | 6.45–561.50 |
Medications | 83 | 13.90 (52.47) | 0.33–480.23 | 15 | 18.31 (17.45) | 0.33–64.78 | 98 | 14.58 (48.72) | 0.33–480.23 |
Hospital bed fees | 83 | 22.11 (13.95) | 2.22–62.22 | 15 | 15.70 (6.13) | 2.22–25.00 | 98 | 21.13 (13.24) | 2.22–62.22 |
Procedure fees (non−/surgical) | 83 | 2.48 (5.03) | 0.00–41.11 | 15 | 2.44 (2.19) | 0.00–5.56 | 98 | 2.48 (4.70) | 0.00–41.11 |
Diagnostic tests | 83 | 4.59 (9.72) | 0.00–82.78 | 15 | 7.84 (10.33) | 0.00–38.00 | 98 | 5.09 (9.83) | 0.00–82.78 |
Routine health facility service management costa | 83 | 16.59 (10.24) | 3.23–45.16 | 15 | 11.40 (4.02) | 3.23–19.35 | 98 | 15.80 (9.72) | 3.23–45.16 |
Total transportation costs | 88 | 4.68 (8.02) | 0.00–56.67 | 17 | 6.86 (9.78) | 0.00–36.67 | 105 | 5.03 (8.32) | 0.00–56.67 |
Personal car/taxi | 10 | 10.88 (9.51) | 0.56–32.22 | 5 | 23.91 (28.40) | 0.67–66.67 | 15 | 15.22 (18.14) | 0.56–66.67 |
Matatu/bus | 70 | 9.39 (9.79) | 0.89–67.78 | 17 | 6.74 (5.35) | 0.67–17.89 | 87 | 8.87 (9.13) | 0.67–67.78 |
Motorbike/bike/tuktuk | 15 | 5.36 (5.08) | 1.11–17.78 | 2 | 16.39 (12.18) | 7.78–25.00 | 17 | 6.66 (6.73) | 1.11–25.00 |
Healthcare after discharge | 88 | 3.25 (5.95) | 0.00–34.44 | 17 | 3.43 (7.53) | 0.00–31.11 | 105 | 3.28 (6.19) | 0.00–34.44 |
Child care cost | 88 | 0.14 (0.81) | 0.00–5.56 | 17 | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00–0.00 | 105 | 0.11 (0.75) | 0.00–5.56 |
Indirect cost (Average household productivity lossb) | 81 | 38.94 (38.59) | 0.00–187.50 | 15 | 58.61 (53.37) | 11.11–180.56 | 96 | 42.01 (41.54) | 0.00–187.50 |
Total cost per episodec | 76 | 114.25 (90.03) | 9.89–670.39 | 14 | 137.45 (76.24) | 36.86–287.57 | 90 | 117.86 (88.04) | 9.89–670.39 |
Total cost per episode paid out of pocket | 76 | 76.45 (55.13) | 2.22–302.22 | 14 | 137.45 (76.24) | 36.86–287.57 | 90 | 85.94 (62.49) | 2.22–302.22 |