Early introduction of complementary feeding < 4 months vs > 4 months | ||
---|---|---|
Univariate models | Multivariate model | |
OR (95%CI) | OR (95%CI) | |
Demographic characteristics | ||
Maternal age at child birth (years) | 0.91(0.88,0.93)*** | 0.94(0.91,0.98)** |
Maternal educational level | ||
Low vs high | 3.82(2.82,5.19)*** | 2.48(1.57,3.92)*** |
Middle vs high | 1.98(1.57,2.50) | 1.26(0.91,1.75) |
Maternal ethnic background, non-native vs native | 1.23(0.88,1.71) | |
Maternal employment status, unemployed vs employed | 1.33(1.02,1.75)* | 0.90(0.57,1.39) |
Family structure, single parent vs two parents | 2.56(1.32,4.97)** | 1.88(0.69,5.13) |
Infant gender, girl vs boy | 0.74(0.60,0.92)** | 0.90(0.67,1.20) |
Parity, multipara vs primipara | 0.66(0.54,0.81)*** | 0.79(0.58,1.08) |
Biological factors | ||
Maternal pre-pregnancy BMI | 1.05(1.02,1.07)*** | 1.02(1.00,1.06) |
Infant gestational age (weeks) | 0.92(0.83,1.02) | |
Infant weight at birth, Z-score | 0.82(0.66,1.01) | |
Infant postnatal weight gain, Z-scorea | 1.33(1.15,1.55)*** | 1.24(1.05,1.50)* |
Behavioral factor | ||
Duration of any breastfeeding | ||
No breastfeeding | 4.47(3.34,5.97)*** | 2.84(1.90,4.30)* |
Breastfeeding for 0.5–4 months | 3.62(2.75,4.78)** | 2.63(1.82,3.80)* |
Breastfeeding for 4 months or longer | Ref | Ref |
Psychosocial factors | ||
Maternal depressive symptoms, yes vs no b | 1.35(0.98,1.86) | |
Parental perceptions on infant characteristics c | ||
“My child drinks greedily” | 1.06(0.85,1.34) | |
“My child always wants to eat when he/she sees someone eating” | 1.75(1.42,2.16)*** | 1.50(1.11,2.01)** |
“My child does not like plain water” | 1.58(1.23,2.02)*** | 1.08(0.76,1.54) |
“My child cried a lot in the first 3 months” | 1.28(0.99,1.65) | |
Parental belief about feeding c | ||
“Fruit and vegetables can be given to the baby freely earlier than 4 months” | 7.61(5.07,11.44)*** | 5.60(3.18,9.85)*** |
Parental beliefs about infant weight c | ||
“I don’t like my child to be fat” | 0.73(0.59,0.91)** | 0.82(0.59,1.11) |
“I don’t like my child to be thin” | 0.86(0.70,1.06) | |
Infant temperament | ||
Soothability | 0.93(0.86,1.01) | |
Distress to limitations | 0.94(0.83,1.05) | |
Distress to novel food | 0.91(0.84,0.98) | 0.90(0.80,1.01) |
Social care factors | ||
Day-care attendance, yes vs no | 0.65(0.52,0.81)** | 0.66(0.47,0.93)* |
“BBOFT+” intervention vs no intervention | 0.89(0.70,1.11) |