Table 2 Characteristics of included patients overall and by site
Characteristic | St. Pet | Moscow | Kazakhstan | Czech Rep. | Canada | Romania | Turkey | Valencia | Tunisia | Suzhou/ Shanghai | India | Mexico | South Africa | Total | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N = 1937 | N = 1620 | N = 159 | N = 111 | N = 1132 | N = 387 | N = 413 | N = 2125 | N = 39 | N = 470 | N = 493 | N = 350 | N = 904 | N = 10,140 | |||||||||||||||
n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | |
Age in years, median (range) | 3 (0–87) | 24 (0–91) | 17 (1–76) | 64 (18–90) | 76 (17–105) | 5 (0–63) | 3 (0–95) | 68 (0–102) | 58 (14–84) | 0 (0–13) | 60 (0–99) | 3 (0–96) | 0 (0–91) | 20 (0–105) | ||||||||||||||
Age group | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
0–1 y | 684 | 35.3 | 167 | 10.3 | 34 | 21.4 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 89 | 23.0 | 179 | 43.3 | 421 | 19.8 | 0 | 0.0 | 334 | 71.1 | 57 | 11.6 | 151 | 43.1 | 576 | 63.7 | 2692 | 27.0 |
2–4 y | 483 | 24.9 | 156 | 9.6 | 33 | 20.8 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 87 | 22.5 | 39 | 9.4 | 108 | 5.1 | 0 | 0.0 | 96 | 20.4 | 19 | 3.9 | 50 | 14.3 | 146 | 16.2 | 1217 | 12.2 |
5–17 y | 310 | 16.0 | 182 | 11.2 | 14 | 8.8 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 0.1 | 118 | 30.5 | 32 | 7.7 | 54 | 2.5 | 1 | 2.6 | 40 | 8.5 | 16 | 3.2 | 43 | 12.3 | 16 | 1.8 | 827 | 8.3 |
18–49 y | 388 | 20.0 | 1052 | 64.9 | 73 | 45.9 | 37 | 33.3 | 97 | 8.6 | 72 | 18.6 | 14 | 3.4 | 145 | 6.8 | 9 | 23.1 | 0 | 0.0 | 79 | 16.0 | 52 | 14.9 | 82 | 9.1 | 2100 | 21.1 |
50–64 y | 49 | 2.5 | 34 | 2.1 | 2 | 1.3 | 20 | 18.0 | 156 | 13.8 | 21 | 5.4 | 45 | 10.9 | 227 | 10.7 | 12 | 30.8 | 0 | 0.0 | 100 | 20.3 | 21 | 6.0 | 48 | 5.3 | 735 | 7.4 |
65–74 y | 12 | 0.6 | 12 | 0.7 | 2 | 1.3 | 24 | 21.6 | 196 | 17.3 | 0 | 0.0 | 29 | 7.0 | 335 | 15.8 | 8 | 20.5 | 0 | 0.0 | 143 | 29.0 | 11 | 3.1 | 21 | 2.3 | 793 | 8.0 |
75–84 y | 9 | 0.5 | 10 | 0.6 | 1 | 0.6 | 20 | 18.0 | 264 | 23.3 | 0 | 0.0 | 55 | 13.3 | 462 | 21.7 | 9 | 23.1 | 0 | 0.0 | 51 | 10.3 | 11 | 3.1 | 11 | 1.2 | 903 | 9.0 |
≥ 85 y | 2 | 0.1 | 7 | 0.4 | 0 | 0.0 | 10 | 9.0 | 246 | 21.7 | 0 | 0.0 | 20 | 4.8 | 373 | 17.6 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 28 | 5.7 | 11 | 3.1 | 4 | 0.4 | 701 | 7.0 |
Sex | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Male | 1050 | 54.2 | 607 | 37.5 | 76 | 47.8 | 64 | 57.7 | 541 | 47.8 | 205 | 53.0 | 224 | 54.2 | 1125 | 52.9 | 27 | 69.2 | 287 | 61.1 | 242 | 49.1 | 171 | 48.9 | 486 | 53.8 | 5105 | 50.3 |
Female | 887 | 45.8 | 1013 | 62.5 | 83 | 52.2 | 47 | 42.3 | 591 | 52.2 | 182 | 47.0 | 189 | 45.8 | 1000 | 47.1 | 12 | 30.8 | 183 | 38.9 | 251 | 50.9 | 179 | 51.1 | 418 | 46.2 | 5035 | 49.7 |
Chronic conditions | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
0 | 1758 | 90.8 | 1382 | 85.3 | 111 | 69.8 | 35 | 31.5 | 99 | 8.7 | 349 | 90.2 | 214 | 51.8 | 803 | 37.8 | 7 | 17.9 | 443 | 94.3 | 129 | 26.2 | 218 | 62.3 | 878 | 97.1 | 6426 | 63.4 |
1 | 157 | 8.1 | 187 | 11.5 | 42 | 26.4 | 40 | 36.0 | 307 | 27.1 | 28 | 7.2 | 87 | 21.1 | 626 | 29.5 | 18 | 46.2 | 27 | 5.7 | 182 | 36.9 | 85 | 24.3 | 26 | 2.9 | 1812 | 17.9 |
≥2 | 22 | 1.1 | 51 | 3.1 | 6 | 3.8 | 36 | 32.4 | 726 | 64.1 | 10 | 2.6 | 112 | 27.1 | 696 | 32.8 | 14 | 35.9 | 0 | 0.0 | 182 | 36.9 | 47 | 13.4 | 0 | 0.0 | 1902 | 18.7 |
Previously hospitalised (last 12 months) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
No | 1447 | 74.7 | 1354 | 83.6 | 143 | 89.9 | 80 | 72.1 | – | – | 279 | 72.1 | 272 | 65.9 | 1457 | 68.6 | 30 | 76.9 | 329 | 70.0 | 312 | 63.3 | 240 | 68.6 | 745 | 82.4 | 6688 | 74.2 |
Yes | 490 | 25.3 | 266 | 16.4 | 16 | 10.1 | 31 | 27.9 | – | – | 108 | 27.9 | 141 | 34.1 | 668 | 31.4 | 9 | 23.1 | 141 | 30.0 | 181 | 36.7 | 110 | 31.4 | 159 | 17.6 | 2320 | 25.8 |
Underlying chronic conditions | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Cardiovascular disease | 49 | 2.5 | 70 | 4.3 | 5 | 3.1 | 50 | 45.0 | 872 | 77.0 | 17 | 4.4 | 110 | 26.6 | 602 | 28.3 | 15 | 38.5 | 24 | 5.1 | 199 | 40.4 | 65 | 18.6 | 16 | 1.8 | 2094 | 20.7 |
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 21 | 1.1 | 23 | 1.4 | 24 | 15.1 | 7 | 6.3 | 134 | 11.8 | 1 | 0.3 | 70 | 16.9 | 500 | 23.5 | 21 | 53.8 | 0 | 0.0 | 177 | 35.9 | 28 | 8.0 | 2 | 0.2 | 1008 | 9.9 |
Asthma | 28 | 1.4 | 29 | 1.8 | 0 | 0.0 | 7 | 6.3 | 146 | 12.9 | 2 | 0.5 | 46 | 11.1 | 162 | 7.6 | 2 | 5.1 | 2 | 0.4 | 5 | 1.0 | 27 | 7.7 | 7 | 0.8 | 463 | 4.6 |
Immunodeficiency/organ transplant | 13 | 0.7 | 1 | 0.1 | 1 | 0.6 | 4 | 3.6 | 114 | 10.1 | 8 | 2.1 | 18 | 4.4 | 29 | 1.4 | 1 | 2.6 | 0 | 0.0 | 17 | 3.4 | 16 | 4.6 | 0 | 0.0 | 222 | 2.2 |
Diabetes | 7 | 0.4 | 16 | 1.0 | 3 | 1.9 | 25 | 22.5 | 344 | 30.4 | 6 | 1.6 | 47 | 11.4 | 500 | 23.5 | 7 | 17.9 | 0 | 0.0 | 71 | 14.4 | 23 | 6.6 | 0 | 0.0 | 1049 | 10.3 |
Renal impairment | 4 | 0.2 | 74 | 4.6 | 15 | 9.4 | 3 | 2.7 | 167 | 14.8 | 4 | 1.0 | 27 | 6.5 | 274 | 12.9 | 4 | 10.3 | 1 | 0.2 | 29 | 5.9 | 14 | 4.0 | 1 | 0.1 | 617 | 6.1 |
Neuromuscular disease | 56 | 2.9 | 29 | 1.8 | 6 | 3.8 | 6 | 5.4 | 182 | 16.1 | 0 | 0.0 | 31 | 7.5 | 57 | 2.7 | 1 | 2.6 | 0 | 0.0 | 45 | 9.1 | 13 | 3.7 | 0 | 0.0 | 426 | 4.2 |
Neoplasm | 0 | 0.0 | 15 | 0.9 | 0 | 0.0 | 11 | 9.9 | 239 | 21.1 | 5 | 1.3 | 27 | 6.5 | 141 | 6.6 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 33 | 6.7 | 8 | 2.3 | 0 | 0.0 | 479 | 4.7 |
Cirrhosis/liver disease | 18 | 0.9 | 18 | 1.1 | 1 | 0.6 | 3 | 2.7 | 22 | 1.9 | 5 | 1.3 | 6 | 1.5 | 62 | 2.9 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 135 | 1.3 |
Autoimmune disease | 7 | 0.4 | 29 | 1.8 | 0 | 0.0 | 5 | 4.5 | 1 | 0.1 | 5 | 1.3 | 5 | 1.2 | 43 | 2.0 | 2 | 5.1 | 0 | 0.0 | 22 | 4.5 | 12 | 3.4 | 0 | 0.0 | 131 | 1.3 |
Pregnant (women 15–45 y) | 72 | 3.7 | 800 | 49.4 | 36 | 22.6 | 3 | 2.7 | 14 | 1.2 | 7 | 1.8 | 0 | 0.0 | 2 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 2 | 0.6 | 4 | 0.4 | 940 | 9.3 |
Obese (all ages) | 165 | 8.5 | 150 | 9.3 | 13 | 8.2 | 26 | 23.4 | 197 | 29.6 | 35 | 9.0 | 76 | 18.4 | 559 | 26.3 | 5 | 12.8 | 77 | 16.4 | 37 | 7.5 | 46 | 13.1 | 71 | 9.6 | 1457 | 14.4 |
Outpatient consultations last 3 months | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
0 | 894 | 46.2 | 658 | 40.6 | 116 | 73.0 | 33 | 29.7 | – | – | 166 | 42.9 | 148 | 35.8 | 233 | 11.0 | 14 | 35.9 | 44 | 9.4 | 120 | 24.3 | 81 | 23.1 | 776 | 85.8 | 3283 | 36.4 |
1 | 624 | 32.2 | 238 | 14.7 | 43 | 27.0 | 34 | 30.6 | – | – | 121 | 31.3 | 100 | 24.2 | 413 | 19.4 | 11 | 28.2 | 123 | 28.3 | 59 | 12.0 | 70 | 20.0 | 82 | 9.1 | 1928 | 21.4 |
≥ 2 | 419 | 21.6 | 724 | 44.7 | 0 | 0.0 | 44 | 39.6 | – | – | 100 | 25.8 | 165 | 40.0 | 1479 | 69.6 | 14 | 35.9 | 293 | 62.3 | 314 | 63.7 | 199 | 56.9 | 46 | 5.1 | 3797 | 42.2 |
Smoking habits (patients ≥18 y) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Never smoker | 222 | 48.3 | 698 | 62.6 | 58 | 74.4 | 51 | 45.9 | 431 | 43.5 | 55 | 59.1 | 85 | 52.1 | 784 | 50.8 | 15 | 39.5 | 0 | – | 198 | 49.4 | 57 | 53.8 | 102 | 61.4 | 2756 | 52.4 |
Past smoker | 46 | 10.0 | 263 | 23.6 | 16 | 20.5 | 24 | 21.6 | 387 | 39.1 | 6 | 6.5 | 59 | 36.2 | 464 | 30.1 | 12 | 31.6 | 0 | – | 121 | 30.2 | 34 | 32.1 | 35 | 21.1 | 1467 | 27.9 |
Current smoker | 192 | 41.7 | 154 | 13.8 | 4 | 5.1 | 36 | 32.4 | 172 | 17.4 | 32 | 34.4 | 19 | 11.7 | 294 | 19.1 | 11 | 28.9 | 0 | – | 82 | 20.4 | 15 | 14.2 | 29 | 17.5 | 1040 | 19.7 |
Functional status impairment (Barthel score; patients ≥65 y) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total (0–15) | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 14 | 2.8 | 0 | – | 8 | 8.3 | 94 | 8.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | – | 13 | 5.9 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 5.6 | 130 | 6.0 |
Severe (20–35) | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 11 | 2.2 | 0 | – | 3 | 3.1 | 26 | 2.2 | 3 | 17.6 | 0 | – | 3 | 1.4 | 3 | 9.1 | 1 | 5.6 | 50 | 2.3 |
Moderate (40–55) | 0 | 0.0 | 2 | 6.9 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 1.9 | 15 | 3.0 | 0 | – | 3 | 3.1 | 54 | 4.6 | 8 | 47.1 | 0 | – | 8 | 3.6 | 1 | 3.0 | 1 | 5.6 | 93 | 4.3 |
Mild (60–90) | 4 | 18.2 | 7 | 24.1 | 2 | 66.7 | 14 | 25.9 | 90 | 17.9 | 0 | – | 35 | 36.5 | 261 | 22.3 | 4 | 23.5 | 0 | – | 62 | 27.9 | 12 | 36.4 | 9 | 50.0 | 500 | 23.1 |
Minimal (95–100) | 18 | 81.8 | 20 | 69.0 | 1 | 33.3 | 39 | 72.2 | 373 | 74.2 | 0 | – | 47 | 49.0 | 735 | 62.8 | 2 | 11.8 | 0 | – | 136 | 61.3 | 17 | 51.5 | 6 | 33.3 | 1394 | 64.3 |
Sampling time | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
0–2 days | 1160 | 59.9 | 843 | 52.0 | 109 | 68.6 | 31 | 27.9 | 474 | 41.9 | 76 | 19.6 | 59 | 14.3 | 386 | 18.2 | 7 | 17.9 | 8 | 1.7 | 44 | 8.9 | 67 | 19.1 | 321 | 39.1 | 3585 | 35.6 |
3–4 days | 568 | 29.3 | 595 | 36.7 | 46 | 28.9 | 42 | 37.8 | 387 | 34.2 | 155 | 40.1 | 161 | 39.0 | 892 | 42.0 | 14 | 35.9 | 107 | 22.8 | 175 | 35.5 | 123 | 35.1 | 308 | 37.5 | 3573 | 35.5 |
5–7 days | 209 | 10.8 | 179 | 11.0 | 4 | 2.5 | 37 | 33.3 | 259 | 22.9 | 144 | 37.2 | 181 | 43.8 | 655 | 30.8 | 18 | 46.2 | 264 | 56.2 | 274 | 55.6 | 141 | 40.3 | 140 | 17.1 | 2505 | 24.9 |
8–9 days | 0 | 0.0 | 3 | 0.2 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 0.9 | 12 | 1.1 | 12 | 3.1 | 12 | 2.9 | 192 | 9.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 91 | 19.4 | 0 | 0.0 | 19 | 5.4 | 52 | 6.3 | 394 | 3.9 |
Influenza vaccination ≥15 days from symptom onset | 86 | 4.4 | 65 | 4.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 6 | 5.4 | 139 | 12.3 | 7 | 1.8 | 21 | 5.1 | 825 | 38.8 | 2 | 5.1 | 1 | 0.2 | 11 | 2.2 | 49 | 14.0 | 5 | 0.6 | 1217 | 12.0 |
Influenza vaccination ≥15 days from symptom onset (age ≥ 65) | 2 | 8.7 | 5 | 17.2 | 0 | 0.0 | 6 | 11.1 | 124 | 14.1 | 0 | – | 14 | 13.5 | 701 | 59.9 | 2 | 11.8 | 0 | – | 5 | 2.3 | 9 | 27.3 | 0 | 0.0 | 868 | 33.8 |
Influenza vaccination ≥15 days from symptom onset (targeted groups) | 65 | 4.5 | 30 | 2.2 | 0 | 0.0 | 6 | 7.0 | 138 | 12.7 | 3 | 4.4 | 21 | 9.0 | 806 | 50.3 | 2 | 6.1 | 1 | 0.4 | 8 | 2.1 | 43 | 16.0 | 2 | 1.5 | 1125 | 16.0 |