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Table 4 Fixed Effects Analysis of the Association between County-Level Characteristics and Individual Health Behaviors, U.S. National Longitudinal Study of Youth, 1992–2012

From: The association of county-level socioeconomic factors with individual tobacco and alcohol use: a longitudinal study of U.S. adults

 

β Coefficient [95% CI]

Smoker Unadjusted

Smoker Adjusted

Daily Cigarettes Unadjusted

Daily Cigarettes Adjusted

Binge Drinking Unadjusted

Binge Drinking Adjusted

Daily Drinks Unadjusted

Daily Drinks Adjusted

County characteristics

 Unemployment rate

−0.0036*

− 0.0034*

− 0.056*

− 0.053*

− 0.000045

0.00020

0.032*

0.026*

 

[− 0.0060, − 0.0012]

[−0.0058, − 0.00092]

[−0.098, − 0.013]

[−0.098, − 0.0084]

[−0.0030, 0.0029]

[− 0.0029, 0.0033]

[0.0082, 0.055]

[0.0025, 0.050]

 Income (per $1000)

−0.00052

−0.00056

− 0.0049

−0.0069

0.00095*

0.00077

0.0062*

0.0042

 

[−0.0012, 0.00018]

[− 0.0013, 0.00017]

[− 0.017, 0.0074]

[−0.020, 0.0063]

[0.00008, 0.0018]

[−0.00013, 0.0017]

[0.00079, 0.012]

[−0.0013, 0.0097]

 % < high school

− 0.00020

−0.00015

0.0068

0.0086*

− 0.000033

−0.000060

− 0.0020

−0.0015

 

[−0.00072, 0.00032]

[−0.00070, 0.00040]

[− 0.0010, 0.015]

[0.00013, 0.017]

[− 0.00059, 0.00052]

[− 0.00065, 0.00053]

[−0.0053, 0.0012]

[− 0.0049, 0.0019]

Ln(Household income)

 

−0.00023

 

0.048*

 

0.0059*

 

0.050*

  

[−0.0024, 0.0019]

 

[0.0057, 0.091]

 

[0.0039, 0.0079]

 

[0.037, 0.064]

Education (ref < HS)

 High school

 

−0.0015

 

−0.10

 

−0.0063

 

0.045

  

[−0.025, 0.022]

 

[−0.57, 0.36]

 

[−0.029, 0.017]

 

[−0.16, 0.25]

 Some college

 

0.000067

 

−0.14

 

−0.015

 

0.051

  

[−0.027, 0.027]

 

[−0.68, 0.39]

 

[−0.042, 0.012]

 

[−0.17, 0.28]

 College or more

 

0.0013

 

0.34

 

−0.0042

 

0.14

  

[−0.035, 0.038]

 

[−0.34, 1.02]

 

[−0.043, 0.034]

 

[−0.14, 0.43]

Married

 

−0.031*

 

−0.49

 

−0.044*

 

−0.21*

  

[−0.047, − 0.015]

 

[− 0.80, − 0.18]

 

[−0.065, − 0.022]

 

[− 0.34, − 0.085]

Ln(Weeks unemployed)

 

0.0060*

 

0.12*

 

0.0017

 

0.032*

  

[0.0021, 0.0099]

 

[0.046, 0.20]

 

[−0.0030, 0.0064]

 

[0.00084, 0.064]

Number of children

 

−0.0016

 

0.066

 

0.0044

 

0.0094

  

[−0.0062, 0.0030]

 

[−0.018, 0.15]

 

[−0.0013, 0.010]

 

[−0.026, 0.045]

No. Observations

42,996

42,996

40,735

40,735

39,402

39,402

44,272

44,272

No. Individuals

9246

9246

9206

9206

8943

8943

9064

9064

  1. *p < 0.05. HS = high school. County-level characteristics included annual unemployment rate, inflation-adjusted per capita personal income, and percent with less than a high school education. Analyses were conducted using multivariable linear regressions with imputed data, including fixed effects at the individual level to adjust for time-invariant individual characteristics. Linear probability models were used for binary outcomes. Additional controls included fixed effects for year
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BMC Public Health

ISSN: 1471-2458

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