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Table 3 Ordinary Least Squares Analysis of the Association between County-Level Characteristics and Individual Health Behaviors, U.S. National Longitudinal Study of Youth, 1992–2012

From: The association of county-level socioeconomic factors with individual tobacco and alcohol use: a longitudinal study of U.S. adults

 

β Coefficient [95% CI]

Smoker Unadjusted

Smoker Adjusted

Daily Cigarettes Unadjusted

Daily Cigarettes Adjusted

Binge Drinking Unadjusted

Binge Drinking Adjusted

Daily Drinks Unadjusted

Daily Drinks Adjusted

County characteristics

 Unemployment rate

− 0.0055*

− 0.0053*

− 0.14*

− 0.085*

− 0.00064

− 0.0011

0.021*

0.012

 

[−0.0080, − 0.0031]

[− 0.0077, − 0.0029]

[− 0.19, − 0.094]

[− 0.13, − 0.039]

[− 0.0031, 0.0018]

[− 0.0036, 0.0014]

[0.0037, 0.037]

[− 0.0055, 0.030]

 Income (per $1000)

− 0.0020*

− 0.00080*

− 0.055*

− 0.030*

− 0.00088*

− 0.00070*

− 0.0025

− 0.0019

 

[−0.0028, − 0.0013]

[− 0.0015, − 0.00009]

[− 0.067, − 0.042]

[− 0.042, − 0.018]

[− 0.0015, − 0.00031]

[− 0.0013, − 0.00014]

[−0.0055, 0.00054]

[− 0.0049, 0.0010]

 % < high school

− 0.00090*

− 0.00099*

− 0.0085

−0.0014

0.00025

0.00024

−0.00017

0.000077

 

[−0.0016, − 0.00023]

[− 0.0017, − 0.00028]

[− 0.019, 0.0019]

[− 0.012, 0.0098]

[− 0.00032, 0.00081]

[− 0.00036, 0.00083]

[− 0.0033, 0.0029]

[− 0.0032, 0.0033]

Female

 

−0.021*

 

−0.67*

 

−0.15*

 

−0.83*

  

[−0.037, − 0.0051]

 

[− 0.97, − 0.38]

 

[− 0.17, − 0.14]

 

[− 0.90, − 0.77]

Race (ref white/other)

 Black

 

−0.048*

 

−2.76*

 

−0.066*

 

−0.52*

  

[−0.067, − 0.029]

 

[− 3.12, − 2.40]

 

[− 0.079, − 0.053]

 

[−0.59, − 0.44]

 Hispanic

 

−0.12*

 

−3.64*

 

−0.015

 

0.015

  

[−0.14, − 0.096]

 

[−4.03, − 3.25]

 

[− 0.032, 0.0018]

 

[− 0.086, 0.12]

Ln(Household income)

 

−0.0087*

 

−0.074*

 

0.0063*

 

0.055*

  

[−0.012, − 0.0057]

 

[− 0.12, − 0.025]

 

[0.0045, 0.0080]

 

[0.044, 0.066]

Education (ref < HS)

 High school

 

−0.15*

 

−2.84*

 

−0.013

 

−0.16*

  

[−0.18, − 0.13]

 

[− 3.41, − 2.28]

 

[− 0.031, 0.0046]

 

[− 0.28, − 0.030]

 Some college

 

−0.22*

 

−4.02*

 

−0.054*

 

−0.36*

  

[−0.24, − 0.19]

 

[−4.58, − 3.47]

 

[− 0.073, − 0.034]

 

[−0.49, − 0.24]

 College or more

 

−0.36*

 

−6.57*

 

−0.092*

 

−0.54*

  

[−0.39, − 0.33]

 

[−7.13, − 6.00]

 

[− 0.11, − 0.072]

 

[−0.67, − 0.41]

Married

 

−0.074*

 

−0.96*

 

−0.053*

 

−0.37*

  

[−0.094, − 0.055]

 

[− 1.30, − 0.62]

 

[−0.068, − 0.039]

 

[− 0.45, − 0.29]

Ln(Weeks unemployed)

 

0.036*

 

0.62*

 

0.011*

 

0.090*

  

[0.030, 0.043]

 

[0.49, 0.74]

 

[0.0063, 0.016]

 

[0.058, 0.12]

Number of children

 

−0.016*

 

−0.26*

 

−0.0097*

 

−0.035*

  

[−0.022, − 0.011]

 

[− 0.37, − 0.16]

 

[−0.014, − 0.0052]

 

[− 0.062, − 0.0092]

No. Observations

42,996

42,996

40,735

40,735

39,402

39,402

44,272

44,272

No. Individuals

9246

9246

9206

9206

8943

8943

9064

9064

  1. *p < 0.05. HS = high school. County-level characteristics included annual unemployment rate, inflation-adjusted per capita personal income, and percent with less than a high school education. Analyses were conducted using multivariable linear regressions with imputed data. Linear probability models were used for binary outcomes. Additional controls included fixed effects for year