Table 4 Linear regression on perceived restorative capacity of the running environment (N = 2477)
Model 1 (confounders, motives and attitudes, perceived environmental characteristics) | Model 2 (model 1 + perceived environmental – years of running experience interactions) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
St. Beta (p) | SE | St. Beta (p) | SE | |
Constanta | 0.258 | 0.237 | − 0.139 | 0.696 |
Confounders | ||||
Age (ref = ≥ 46 year) | ||||
≤ 35 year | − 0.01 | 0.03 | −0.008 | 0.03 |
36–45 year | −0.031* | 0.027 | −0.031* | 0.027 |
Male (female = ref) | −0.002 | 0.024 | −0.002 | 0.024 |
Education (higher = ref) | ||||
Lower or middle | 0.014 | 0.024 | 0.014 | 0.024 |
Years of running experience (> 5 y = ref) | ||||
< 1 y | 0.015 | 0.037 | 0.112 | 0.275 |
1–5 y | 0.01 | 0.025 | −0.023 | 0.166 |
Distance monitoring y/n (ref = no) | 0.011 | 0.026 | 0.009 | 0.026 |
Watch use (ref = no) | 0.025 | 0.037 | 0.029 | 0.037 |
App use (ref = no) | 0.047* | 0.042 | 0.049* | 0.042 |
Organizational context (athletics club = ref) | ||||
Individual | −0.016 | 0.032 | −0.013 | 0.032 |
Friends, colleagues, small group | −0.008 | 0.034 | −0.008 | 0.034 |
Intrapersonal characteristics: motivations and attitudes | ||||
Bodily and mental advantages of running | 0.041* | 0.029 | 0.041* | 0.029 |
Identification with running | 0.017 | 0.025 | 0.015 | 0.025 |
Practical advantages of running | 0.015 | 0.025 | 0.018 | 0.025 |
Individual motives for quitting | −0.022 | 0.017 | −0.02 | 0.017 |
Social motives for quitting | 0.008 | 0.018 | 0.007 | 0.018 |
Perceived environmental characteristics | ||||
Hinderance by pedestrians | −0.025 | 0.019 | −0.231 | 0.148 |
Hinderance by cyclists/mopeds | 0.008 | 0.014 | 0.148 | 0.112 |
Hinderance by cars | −0.040** | 0.013 | 0.304* | 0.105 |
Hinderance by unleashed dogs | 0.012 | 0.011 | −0.077 | 0.091 |
Hinderance through remarks | −0.007 | 0.021 | 0.161 | 0.161 |
Hinderance through threats | −0.015 | 0.023 | −0.167 | 0.179 |
Hinderance through poor lighting | 0.016 | 0.009 | 0.023 | 0.073 |
Comfortable surface | 0.037** | 0.012 | −0.086 | 0.094 |
Lively route | 0.128*** | 0.013 | 0.127 | 0.097 |
Green route | 0.686*** | 0.013 | 0.808*** | 0.105 |
Interactions perceived environment characteristics * years of running experience (ref = > 5 y running experience) | ||||
Pedestrians * < 1 y running experience | 0.017 | 0.06 | ||
Pedestrians * 1–5 y running experience | 0.24** | 0.041 | ||
Cyclists/mopeds * < 1 y running experience | −0.044 | 0.045 | ||
Cyclists/mopeds * 1–5 y running experience | −0.111 | 0.031 | ||
Cars * < 1 y running experience | −0.205* | 0.043 | ||
Cars * 1–5 y running experience | −0.192** | 0.029 | ||
Unleashed dogs * < 1 y running experience | 0.046 | 0.038 | ||
Unleashed dogs * 1–5 y running experience | 0.058 | 0.024 | ||
Remarks * < 1 y running experience | −0.155 | 0.063 | ||
Remarks * 1–5 y running experience | −0.031 | 0.047 | ||
Threats * < 1 y running experience | 0.136 | 0.072 | ||
Threats * 1–5 y running experience | 0.034 | 0.05 | ||
Poor lighting * < 1 y running experience | −0.027 | 0.03 | ||
Poor lighting * 1–5 y running experience | 0.022 | 0.02 | ||
Comfortable surface * < 1 y running experience | 0.099 | 0.039 | ||
Comfortable surface * 1–5 y running experience | 0.071 | 0.025 | ||
Lively route * < 1 y running experience | 0.076 | 0.039 | ||
Lively route * 1–5 y running experience | −0.1 | 0.027 | ||
Green route * < 1 y running experience | −0.187 | 0.043 | ||
Green route * 1–5 y running experience | 0.04 | 0.029 | ||
Model fit | ||||
Adjusted R2 | 0.599 | 0.602 | ||
SE | 0.5261 | 0.5244 | ||