Attractive running environments for all? A cross-sectional study on physical environmental characteristics and runners’ motives and attitudes, in relation to the experience of the running environment

Deelen, Ineke; Janssen, Mark; Vos, Steven; Kamphuis, Carlijn B. M.; Ettema, Dick

doi:10.1186/s12889-019-6676-6

Table 3 Linear regression on perceived attractiveness of the running environment (N = 2477)

From: Attractive running environments for all? A cross-sectional study on physical environmental characteristics and runners’ motives and attitudes, in relation to the experience of the running environment

	Model 1 (confounders, motives and attitudes, perceived environmental characteristics)		Model 2 (model 1 + perceived environmental – years of running experience interactions)
	St. Beta (p)	SE	St. Beta (p)	SE
Constant^a	0.574*	0.253	1.314	0.744
Confounders
Age (ref = ≥ 46 year)
≤ 35 year	− 0.016	0.032	− 0.016	0.032
36–45 year	− 0.04*	0.029	− 0.042*	0.029
Male (female = ref)	− 0.016	0.025	− 0.015	0.025
Education (higher = ref)
Lower or middle	−0.011	0.026	−0.011	0.026
Years of running experience (> 5 year = ref)
< 1 year	0.009	0.039	− 0.112	0.294
1–5 year	− 0.025	0.026	− 0.1	0.178
Distance monitoring y/n (ref = no)	0.001	0.028	−0.001	0.028
Watch use (ref = no)	0.012	0.039	0.014	0.039
App use (ref = no)	0.014	0.045	0.013	0.045
Organizational context (athletics club = ref)
Individual	0.050*	0.034	0.052*	0.034
Friends, colleagues, small group	0.011	0.036	0.013	0.036
Intrapersonal characteristics: motivations and attitudes
Bodily and mental advantages of running	0.037*	0.031	0.039*	0.031
Identification with running	−0.015	0.027	−0.019	0.027
Practical advantages of running	0.043*	0.027	0.043*	0.027
Individual motives for quitting	−0.015	0.018	−0.016	0.018
Social motives for quitting	−0.003	0.019	−0.002	0.019
Perceived environmental characteristics
Hinderance by pedestrians	−0.049**	0.021	−0.089	0.158
Hinderance by cyclists/mopeds	−0.006	0.015	0.03	0.119
Hinderance by cars	−0.038*	0.014	0.046	0.112
Hinderance by unleashed dogs	0.011	0.012	−0.287*	0.097
Hinderance through remarks	−0.001	0.022	0.153	0.172
Hinderance through threats	−0.031	0.025	−0.068	0.191
Hinderance through poor lighting	0.037*	0.01	0.126	0.078
Comfortable surface	0.17***	0.013	−0.103	0.101
Lively route	0.33***	0.013	0.161	0.104
Green route	0.434***	0.014	0.606***	0.113
Interactions perceived environment characteristics years of running experience* (ref = > 5 y running experience)
Pedestrians * < 1 y running experience			0.003	0.064
Pedestrians * 1–5 y running experience			0.048	0.044
Cyclists/mopeds * < 1 y running experience			−0.029	0.048
Cyclists/mopeds * 1–5 y running experience			−0.007	0.033
Cars * < 1 y running experience			−0.041	0.045
Cars * 1–5 y running experience			−0.058	0.031
Unleashed dogs * < 1 y running experience			0.269*	0.041
Unleashed dogs * 1–5 y running experience			0.061	0.025
Remarks * < 1 y running experience			−0.123	0.067
Remarks * 1–5 y running experience			−0.047	0.050
Threats * < 1 y running experience			−0.009	0.077
Threats * 1–5 y running experience			0.056	0.053
Poor lighting * < 1 y running experience			−0.053	0.032
Poor lighting * 1–5 y running experience			−0.05	0.021
Comfortable surface * < 1 y running experience			0.177	0.042
Comfortable surface * 1–5 y running experience			0.209**	0.027
Lively route * < 1 y running experience			0.236*	0.042
Lively route * 1–5 y running experience			−0.034	0.029
Green route * < 1 y running experience			−0.173	0.046
Green route * 1–5 y running experience			−0.078	0.031
Model fit
Adjusted R²	0.509		0.509
SE	0.5607		0.5605

^aConstant: Unstandardized Beta instead of Standardized Beta
*Significance < 0.05; **Significance < 0.01; ***Significance < 0.001

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ISSN: 1471-2458

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