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Table 3 Number, rate and relative risk of socio-demographic characteristics of drowning deaths by category, Australia, 2006–2014

From: Pattern of intentional drowning mortality: a total population retrospective cohort study in Australia, 2006–2014

 

Intentional drowning

Unintentional drowning

Intentional drowning versus unintentional drowning

Water-transport related

Undetermined intent

Total cases (N = 450)

Annual mortality rate per 100,000

Relative Risk (CI)

Total cases (N = 1765)

Annual mortality rate per 100,000

Relative Risk (CI)

χ2 (p-value)

Total cases (N = 342)

Annual mortality rate per 100,000

Relative Risk (CI)

Total cases (N = 173)

Annual mortality rate per 100,000

Relative Risk (CI)

Sex

 Male

278

0.28

1.6 (1.4–2.0)

1370

1.39

3.5 (3.1–3.9)

47.3 (p < 0.001)a

290

0.29

5.6 (4.2–7.6)

125

0.13

2.6 (1.9–3.7)

 Female

172

0.17

1*

395

0.40

1*

 

52

0.05

1*

48

0.05

1*

Age Group

 0–4 years

6

0.02

1*

213

1.65

1*

53.1 (p < 0.001)b

9

0.07

1*

5

0.02

1*

 5–14 years

0.01

0.5 (0.1–2.6)

88

0.35

0.2 (0.2–0.3)

17.1 (p < 0.001)b

15

0.06

0.9 (0.4–2.0)

0.01

0.8 (0.1–4.7)

 15–24 years

22

0.08

3.5 (1.0–11.6)

203

0.75

0.5 (0.4–0.6)

17.2 (p < 0.001)b

49

0.18

2.6 (1.3–5.3)

19

0.07

4.5 (1.1–19.3)

 25–34 years

43

0.15

6.5 (2.0–21.0)

265

0.93

0.6 (0.5–0.7)

8.9 (p = 0.002)b

55

0.19

2.8 (1.4–5.6)

19

0.07

4.3 (1.0–18.6)

 35–44 years

52

0.18

7.9 (2.5–25.4)

205

0.73

0.4 (0.4–0.5)

0.001 (p = 1.000)

69

0.24

3.5 (1.8–7.0)

26

0.09

6.0 (1.4–25.1)

 45–54 years

86

0.32

13.8 (4.4–43.5)

207

0.77

0.5 (0.4–0.6)

17.0 (p < 0.001)b

52

0.19

2.8 (1.4–5.6)

28

0.10

6.7 (1.6–28.2)

 55–64 years

81

0.36

15.6 (4.9–49.4)

214

0.96

0.6 (0.5–0.7)

10.7 (p = 0.001)b

41

0.18

2.6 (1.3–5.4)

30

0.13

8.7 (2.1–36.3)

 65–74 years

66

0.45

19.3 (6.1–61.3)

163

1.11

0.7 (0.6–0.8)

11.4 (p = 0.001)b

32

0.22

3.1 (1.5–6.5)

21

0.14

9.2 (2.2–39.3)

 75 years and over

94

0.76

32.6 (10.3–102.8)

207

1.67

1.0 (0.8–1.2)

25.6 (p < 0.001)b

20

0.16

2.3 (1.1–5.1)

25

0.20

13.0 (3.1–54.8)

State/territory of usual residence

 New South Wales

131

0.20

1.7 (0.6–4.5)

599

0.93

1.4 (0.9–2.1)

3.8 (p = 0.056)

76

0.12

1.3 (0.4–4.1)

74

0.12

1.9 (0.5–7.7)

 Victoria

98

0.20

1.6 (0.6–4.4)

265

0.54

0.8 (0.5–1.2)

12.1 (p = 0.001)c

27

0.05

0.6 (0.2–2.0)

43

0.09

1.4 (0.4–5.9)

 Queensland

96

0.24

2.0 (0.7–5.4)

432

1.09

1.6 (1.1–2.5)

2.0 (p = 0.173)

76

0.19

2.1 (0.7–6.6)

20

0.05

0.8 (0.2–3.5)

 South Australia

27

0.18

1.5 (0.5–4.3)

92

0.63

0.9 (0.6–1.5)

0.4 (p = 0.484)

18

0.12

1.3 (0.4–4.6)

13

0.09

1.5 (0.3–6.4)

 Western Australia

66

0.32

2.6 (1.0–7.2)

224

1.08

1.6 (1.0–2.5)

1.2 (p = 0.273)

110

0.53

5.8 (1.8–18.2)

9

0.04

0.7 (0.2–3.3)

 Tasmania

24

0.53

4.3 (1.5–12.4)

66

1.45

2.2 (1.3–3.5)

2.3 (p = 0.140)

25

0.55

6.0 (1.8–19.8)

14

0.26

4.3 (1.0–19.2)

 Northern Territory

8

0.19

1.6 (0.4–6.4)

64

3.12

4.6 (2.9–7.5)

9.0 (p = 0.001)c

10

0.34

3.7 (1.0–14.3)

0.00

0.0 (UTBC)

 Australian Capital Territory

0.18

1*

22

0.67

1*

0.4 (p = 0.632)

0.09

1*

0.06

1*

Remoteness of usual residence

 Major Cities

314

0.23

4.0 (0.6–28.6)

971

0.70

0.3 (0.2–0.4)

32.1 (p < 0.001)e

122

0.09

0.2 (0.1–0.3)

97

0.07

0.6 (0.2–2.5)

 Inner Regional

86

0.24

4.2 (0.6–30.0)

338

0.93

0.4 (0.3–0.6)

0.0 (p = 1.000)

63

0.17

0.3 (0.2–0.7)

39

0.11

0.9 (0.2–3.9)

 Outer Regional

45

0.23

4.1 (0.6–29.9)

229

1.27

0.6 (0.4–0.8)

4.4 (p = 0.036)

49

0.27

0.5 (0.3–1.1)

29

0.14

1.2 (0.3–5.2)

 Remote

0.07

1.3 (0.1–14.0)

45

1.60

0.7 (0.5–1.1)

7.7 (p = 0.003)e

13

0.46

0.9 (0.4–2.1)

0.07

0.6 (0.1–4.5)

 Very Remote

0.06

1*

40

2.26

1*

8.2 (p = 0.001)e

9

0.51

1*

0.11

1*

Indigenous identification

 First Peoples of Australia

NS

0.06

1*

97

1.96

1*

19.398 (p < 0.001) a

11

0.22

1*

7

0.14

1*

 Non-Indigenous

439

0.25

4.1 (1.3–12.7)

1629

0.91

0.5 (0.4–0.6)

 

289

0.16

0.7 (0.4–1.3)

163

0.09

0.7 (0.3–1.4)

  1. Data Source: ABS Cause of Death Unit Record File 2006–2014
  2. NS = Not Shown* Where RR was calculated, the group with the lowest rate (except for age groups, where the second lowest rate was used) for intentional drowning deaths was used as the reference point
  3. aStatistically significant (p < 0.05)
  4. bA modified Bonferroni test has been applied, and statistical significance is deemed at p < 0.0056
  5. cA modified Bonferroni test has been applied, and statistical significance is deemed at p < 0.0063
  6. dA modified Bonferroni test has been applied, and statistical significance is deemed at p < 0.0063
  7. eA modified Bonferroni test has been applied, and statistical significance is deemed at p < 0.0100
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