Table 1 Characteristics of the two study samples
From: Serum vitamin D levels in Berliners of Turkish descent –a cross-sectional study
Women | Men | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Berliners of Turkish descent N = 330 | Unselected Berliners without Turkish roots N = 61 | Berliners of Turkish descent N = 207 | Unselected Berliners without Turkish roots N = 51 | |
Sociodemographics | % (n) or mean ± SD | |||
Age (in years) | 42.7 ± 12.9 | 44.4 ± 14.7 | 44.0 ± 11.6 | 49.4 ± 14.2 |
BMI (kg/m2)a | 29.0 ± 6.1 | 24.5 ± 4.3 | 29.0 ± 4.6 | 25.9 ± 3.4 |
Education in years | 9.7 ± 2.6 | 11.9 ± 1.6 | 10.1 ± 2.3 | 11.6 ± 1.8 |
Education categories | ||||
< 10 years | 43.4 (121) | 8.2 (5) | 37.1 (72) | 15.7 (8) |
10–12 years | 37.3 (104) | 24.6 (15) | 42.3 (82) | 23.5 (12) |
> 12 years | 19.4 (54) | 67.2 (41) | 20.6 (40) | 60.8 (31) |
Lifestyle | ||||
Physical activity | ||||
≥ 150 min/d | 12.1 (40) | 45.9 (28) | 11.6 (24) | 52.9 (27) |
< 150 min/d | 87.9 (290) | 54.1 (33) | 88.4 (183) | 47.1 (24) |
Smoking status | ||||
never- or ex-smoker | 56.3 (178) | 65.6 (40) | 53.2 (108) | 51.0 (26) |
current smoker | 43.7 (138) | 34.4 (21) | 46.8 (95) | 49.0 (25) |
Alcohol consumption | ||||
none (0 g/d) | 64.1 (177) | 9.8 (6) | 36.7 (69) | 9.8 (5) |
moderate (> 0-12 g/d for women, > 0-24 g/d for men) | 35.1 (97) | 83.6 (51) | 62.2 (117) | 72.5 (37) |
hazardous (> 12 g/d for women, > 24 g/d for men) | 0.7 (2) | 6.6 (4) | 1.1 (2) | 17.6 (9) |
Veiling (only women) | – | |||
scarf and long clothes in summer | 16.7 (43) | – | – | – |
scarf but no long clothes | 7.0 (18) | – | – | – |
long clothes in summer but no scarf | 3.1 (8) | – | – | – |
no | 73.2 (188) | – | – | – |
Self-report of diagnosed diseases | ||||
Osteoporosis | 8.6 (22) | 0 | 0.6 (1) | 0 |
Thyroid disease | 32.7 (93) | 16.4 (10) | 5.8 (10) | 3.9 (2) |
At least one cardiovascular diseaseb | 33.6 (111) | 11.5 (7) | 27.5 (57) | 39.2 (20) |
Diabetes | 15.3 (42) | 3.3 (2) | 12.4 (22) | 0 |
At least one chronic diseasec | 58.8 (174) | 29.5 (18) | 39.3 (72) | 39.2 (20) |
Serum concentrations | ||||
Vitamin D 25(OH) D serum concentration in nmol/L | 22.5 ± 13.8 | 31.5 ± 13.8 | 22.9 ± 13.0 | 38.5 ± 26.7 |
25(OH) D Statusd | ||||
< 50 nmol/L (“deficiency”) | 94.8 (313) | 86.9 (53) | 95.2 (197) | 78.4 (40) |
25- < 50 nmol/L (“moderate deficiency”) | 24.5 (81) | 50.8 (31) | 29.0 (60) | 43.1 (22) |
< 25 nmol/L (“severe deficiency”) | 70.3 (232) | 36.1 (22) | 66.2 (137) | 35.3 (18) |
50–75 nmol/L (“insufficiency”) | 3.9 (13) | 13.1 (8) | 3.9 (8) | 11.8 (6) |
> 75 nmol/L (“sufficiency”) | 1.2 (4) | 0 (0) | 1.0 (2) | 9.8 (5) |
Calcium (mmol/l) | 2.3 ± 0.1 | 2.3 ± 0.1 | 2.3 ± 0.1 | 2.3 ± 0.1 |