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Table 2 Characteristics of participants and sociodemographic determinants associated with awareness towards hepatitis B (n = 764)

From: Knowledge and awareness of hepatitis B among households in Malaysia: a community-based cross-sectional survey

Variable

Frequency (%)

Mean score (±SD)

p-value

Awareness (good/poor)

Univariate logistic (good vs. poor)

Multivariate logistic (good vs. poor)

OR (95% CI)

p-value

OR (95% CI)

p-value

Gender

  

0.124

     

 Male (R)

416 (54.5)

1.89 (1.31)

 

151/265

1

 

1

 

 Female

348 (45.5)

2.09 (1.30)

 

146/202

1.27 (0.95–1.70)

0.110**

1.53 (1.07–2.18)

0.019

Age (years old)

  

< 0.001**

     

 25–34 (R)

275 (36.0)

1.70 (1.28)

 

76/199

1

 

1

 

 35–44

232 (30.4)

2.17 (1.20)

 

107/125

2.24 (1.55–3.24)

< 0.001**

2.07 (1.36–3.16)

0.001**

 45–54

162 (21.2)

2.04 (1.35)

 

68/94

1.89 (1.26–2.85)

0.002**

1.81 (1.12–2.91)

0.015*

 55 and above

95 (12.4)

2.24 (1.46)

 

46/49

2.46 (1.52–3.98)

< 0.001**

2.95 (1.58–5.53)

0.001**

Ethnicity

  

0.001**

     

 Indian (R)

125 (16.4)

1.86 (1.35)

 

43/82

1

 

1

 

 Malay

453 (59.3)

1.87 (1.27)

 

157/296

1.01 (0.67–1.53)

0.957

0.96 (0.62–1.49)

0.848

 Chinese

182 (23.8)

2.32 (1.34)

 

95/87

2.08 (1.30–3.33)

0.002**

1.75 (1.06–2.89)

0.027*

 Others

4 (0.5)

2.25 (1.50)

 

2/2

1.91 (0.26–14.01)

0.526

2.38 (0.29–19.43)

0.420

Marital status

  

< 0.001**

     

 Single (R)

147 (19.2)

1.61 (1.32)

 

44/103

1

 

1

 

 Married

600 (78.5)

2.08 (1.30)

 

248/352

1.65 (1.12–2.43)

0.012*

1.30 (0.79–2.12)

0.302

 Widowed and divorced

17 (2.2)

1.53 (1.13)

 

5/12

0.98 (0.32–2.93)

0.965

0.88 (0.26–2.94)

0.829

Employment status

  

0.745

     

 Public sectors (R)

101 (13.2)

1.94 (1.30)

 

36/65

1

 

1

 

 Private sectors

222 (29.1)

1.95 (1.35)

 

85/137

1.12 (0.69–1.83)

0.649

1.21 (0.72–2.02)

0.480

 Self-employment

184 (24.1)

2.04 (1.28)

 

77/107

1.30 (0.79–2.15)

0.306

1.28 (0.74–2.20)

0.382

 Student

27 (3.5)

1.78 (1.22)

 

8/19

0.76 (0.30–1.91)

0.560

1.36 (0.49–3.75)

0.556

 Retired

54 (7.1)

2.13 (1.42)

 

24/30

1.44 (0.74–2.83)

0.285

1.07 (0.48–2.36)

0.873

 Unemployed

156 (20.4)

1.92 (1.24)

 

57/99

1.04 (0.62–1.75)

0.884

0.96 (0.53–1.74)

0.889

 Others

20 (2.6)

2.30 (1.53)

 

10/10

1.81 (0.69–4.75)

0.231

1.411 (0.50–3.98)

0.516

Educational attainment

  

< 0.001**

     

 Illiterate or primary school (R)

51 (6.7)

1.27 (1.20)

 

10/41

1

 

1

 

 Secondary education

361 (47.3)

1.99 (1.32)

 

146/215

2.78 (1.35–5.73)

0.005**

3.58 (1.66–7.71)

0.001**

 Diploma/ certificate

193 (25.3)

2.02 (1.24)

 

77/116

2.72 (1.29–5.76)

0.009**

4.57 (2.00–10.44)

< 0.001**

 Degree holder

131 (17.1)

2.02 (1.37)

 

49/82

2.45 (1.13–5.33)

0.024*

4.13 (1.75–9.75)

0.001**

 Postgraduate

28 (3.7)

2.64 (1.16)

 

15/13

4.73 (1.72–13.05)

0.003**

7.60 (2.55–22.68)

< 0.001**

Family income (RM)

  

0.287

     

  ≤ 2000 (R)

183 (24.0)

1.80 (1.37)

 

68/115

1

   

 2001–3000

178 (23.3)

1.98 (1.20)

 

71/107

1.12 (0.73–1.72)

0.594

  

 3001–4000

125 (16.4)

2.07 (1.36)

 

50/75

1.13 (0.71–1.80)

0.615

  

 4001–5000

88 (11.5)

2.02 (1.20)

 

32/56

0.97 (0.57–1.64)

0.899

  

  > 5000

190 (24.9)

2.07 (1.36)

 

76/114

1.13 (0.74–1.71)

0.573

  
  1. *Significance at 0.05
  2. **Significance at 0.01
  3. aAnalysis using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
  4. CI confidence interval, OR odds ratio, R reference group, RM Ringgit Malaysia, SD standard deviation
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