Variation in somatic symptoms by patient health questionnaire-9 depression scores in a representative Japanese sample

Table 5 Risk of at least moderate depression by somatic symptom type

Symptom Domain	Age 18–39 n = 1149		Age 40–64 n = 1552		Age Above 65 n = 1052
Symptom Domain	OR (95% CI)	p	OR (95% CI)	p	OR (95% CI)	p
Cervicolumbar musculoskeletal pain	1.12 (0.69–1.82)	.64	1.16 (0.70–1.91)	.57	0.86 (0.54–1.38)	.54
Upper respiratory symptoms	0.76 (0.45–1.28)	.31	0.93 (0.55–1.56)	.78	1.46 (0.88–2.41)	.15
Gastrointestinal complaints	1.71 (1.01–2.91)	.05	1.24 (0.69–2.23)	.48	0.94 (0.41–2.14)	.88
Fatigue and malaise	1.29 (0.71–2.36)	.40	1.82 (1.08–3.05)	.02	1.80 (1.07–3.02)	.03
Pain in lower extremity	1.09 (0.43–2.77)	.85	0.72 (0.37–1.38)	.32	1.69 (1.03–2.79)	.04
At least moderate depression (PHQ ≥ 10), n (%)	99 (8.62)		93 (5.99)		104 (9.89)

Note. Controlled for gender, household income, having a primary care physician, history of depression, history of depression-related comorbidity, and number of symptoms per month; PHQ Patient Health Questionnaire, scores ≥10 defining at least moderate depression

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