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Table 3 Relationship between two night eating habits and metabolic syndrome after 3.9 years (2013–2014). Study undertaken in Okayama

From: Association of night eating habits with metabolic syndrome and its components: a longitudinal study

 

Total

Those with neither habit

Those with a single habit of “dinner immediately before bed” (≥3 times per week)

Those with a single habit of “snacks after dinner” (≥3 times per week)

Those with

both habits

Metabolic syndrome

n = 7287

Number of participants

249/4063

120/1758

58/859

51/607

Model 1a

1.00

1.14 (0.90–1.44)

1.12 (0.83–1.51)

1.43 (1.04–1.96)

Model 2b

1.00

1.10 (0.86–1.41)

1.13 (0.83–1.54)

1.33 (0.95–1.86)

Abdominal obesity

n = 5780

Number of participants

342/3212

148/1485

87/652

58/431

Model 1

1.00

1.20 (0.97–1.49)

1.18 (0.91–1.52)

1.52 (1.12–2.07)

Model 2

1.00

1.15 (0.92–1.45)

1.19 (0.91–1.55)

1.41 (1.03–1.95)

Model 3c

1.00

1.16 (0.93–1.47)

1.19 (0.91–1.55)

1.42 (1.03–1.97)

Obesity

n = 6225

Number of participants

204/3542

128/1489

51/747

63/447

Model 1

1.00

1.32 (1.04–1.68)

1.30 (0.94–1.79)

2.47 (1.82–3.35)

Model 2

1.00

1.31 (1.01–1.69)

1.32 (0.95–1.84)

2.34 (1.69–3.23)

Model 3c

1.00

1.33 (1.02–1.71)

1.32 (0.95–1.84)

2.37 (1.71–3.29)

Hypertension

n = 6074

Number of participants

512/3368

252/1431

103/749

80/526

Model 1

1.00

1.04 (0.87–1.23)

0.95 (0.75–1.19)

0.92 (0.71–1.19)

Model 2

1.00

0.97 (0.81–1.17)

0.95 (0.74–1.21)

0.89 (0.68–1.16)

Model 3d

1.00

0.98 (0.82–1.18)

0.92 (0.72–1.17)

0.78 (0.59–1.03)

Dyslipidemia

n = 6177

Number of participants

447/3462

239/1450

96/763

102/502

Model 1

1.00

1.16 (0.97–1.39)

1.04 (0.82–1.31)

1.63 (1.28–2.08)

Model 2

1.00

1.20 (0.99–1.45)

1.07 (0.83–1.37)

1.61 (1.25–2.09)

Model 3e

1.00

1.18 (0.97–1.43)

1.03 (0.80–1.33)

1.49 (1.14–1.94)

Hyper triglyceridemia

n = 6605

Number of participants

286/3694

176/1535

64/833

71/543

Model 1

1.00

1.21 (0.98–1.49)

1.11 (0.83–1.47)

1.58 (1.19–2.09)

Model 2

1.00

1.15 (0.92–1.42)

1.16 (0.87–1.56)

1.44 (1.07–1.95)

Model 3e

1.00

1.13 (0.91–1.41)

1.11 (0.83–1.49)

1.35 (0.99–1.84)

Low HDL cholesterolemia

n = 7750

Number of participants

125/4246

62/1922

27/917

32/665

Model 1

1.00

1.13 (0.82–1.56)

0.99 (0.65–1.52)

1.70 (1.14–2.53)

Model 2

1.00

1.27 (0.91–1.79)

1.07 (0.69–1.67)

1.63 (1.06–2.51)

Model 3e

1.00

1.19 (0.84–1.68)

0.99 (0.64–1.55)

1.36 (0.88–2.11)

Hyperglycemia

n = 5717

Number of participants

509/3194

198/1386

106/669

79/468

Model 1

1.00

0.96 (0.80–1.15)

0.97 (0.77–1.22)

1.16 (0.89–1.51)

Model 2

1.00

0.98 (0.81–1.19)

0.92 (0.72–1.18)

1.13 (0.86–1.49)

Model 3f

1.00

0.99 (0.82–1.20)

0.90 (0.70–1.15)

1.06 (0.80–1.40)

  1. Overall analysis was adjusted by sex.
  2. aAdjusted by age
  3. bAdjusted by age, smoking habit (yes, no, missing), alcohol consumption (yes, no), physical activity (yes, no, missing), and breakfast intake (yes, no, missing)
  4. cAdjusted by age, smoking habit, alcohol consumption, physical activity, breakfast intake, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and hyperglycemia
  5. dAdjusted by age, smoking habit, alcohol consumption, physical activity, breakfast intake, dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia, and BMI
  6. eAdjusted by age, smoking habit, alcohol consumption, physical activity, breakfast intake, hypertension, hyperglycemia, and BMI
  7. fAdjusted by age, smoking habit, alcohol consumption, physical activity, breakfast intake, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and BMI
  8. HDL, high-density lipoprotein
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