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Table 2 Primary and secondary outcomes across intervention and control arms and intervention effects on changes from baseline to follow-up

From: Sexual violence among adolescent girls and young women in Malawi: a cluster-randomized controlled implementation trial of empowerment self-defense training

 

Baseline

Follow-up

Difference Baseline to Follow-up

Intervention Effect

 

Intervention

Control

 

Intervention

Control

 

Intervention

Control

 

% (95% CI)

(rate) (95% CI)

p-valuea

% (95% CI)

(rate) (95% CI)

p-valuea

RR

(95% CI)

p-valueb

RR

(95% CI)

p-valueb

p-valuec

All Schools

Primary outcomes

 Past year sexual violence prevalence

15.2%

(12.8–18.1)

13.8%

(11.6–16.3)

0.41

9.2%

(7.7–11.0)

14.5%

(12.0–17.6)

0.001

0.59

(0.49–0.72)

< 0.001

1.04

(0.86–1.26)

0.70

< 0.001

 School incident rated

(19.6)

(16.1–23.9)

(19.3)

(15.7–23.8)

0.92

(16.3)

(13.3–20.0)

(24.0)

(19.5–29.4)

0.01

0.82

(0.67–1.00)

0.05

1.22

(0.95–1.57)

0.12

0.01

Intermediate outcomes

 High confidence

41.2%

(35.7–47.6)

26.2%

(22.8–30.2)

< 0.001

55.0%

(50.1–60.3)

33.2%

(28.9–38.2)

< 0.001

1.33

(1.17–1.50)

< 0.001

1.26

(1.06–1.49)

0.01

0.63

 Correct knowledge

15.0%

(12.0–18.8)

7.0%

(5.3–9.2)

< 0.001

50.4%

(45.6–55.7)

8.9%

(6.8–11.8)

< 0.001

3.33

(2.76–4.02)

< 0.001

1.27

(0.95–1.70)

0.11

< 0.001

 Sexual violence disclosuree

73.0%

(67.4–79.1)

68.2%

(63.4–73.2)

0.21

83.7%

(78.4–89.3)

74.8%

(70.8–79.1)

0.01

1.14

(1.04–1.26)

0.007

1.10

(1.01–1.19)

0.02

0.50

Primary School

 Past year sexual violence prevalence

13.0%

(10.5–16.0)

12.1%

(10.5–14.1)

0.62

7.5%

(6.1–9.3)

11.8%

(9.9–14.1)

0.001

0.58

(0.45–0.74)

< 0.001

0.97

(0.78–1.20)

0.78

0.002

 School incident rated

(15.3)

(12.3–19.0)

(16.9)

(13.9–20.6)

0.50

(13.6)

(10.7–17.4)

(20.2)

(16.2–25.4)

0.02

0.88

(0.71–1.11)

.29

1.20

(0.88–1.62)

0.25

0.12

 High confidence

37.1%

(31.4–43.8)

23.5%

(19.9–27.8)

< 0.001

50.9%

(45.5–57.0)

29.2%

(25.1–34.1)

< 0.001

1.37

(1.18–1.59)

< 0.001

1.24

(1.00–1.54)

0.05

0.46

 Correct knowledge

11.6%

(8.9–15.1)

5.3%

(3.9–7.2)

< 0.001

45.7%

(40.6–51.5)

5.8%

(4.2–8.0)

< 0.001

3.97

(3.15–5.00)

< 0.001

1.09

(0.72–1.65)

0.68

< 0.001

 Sexual violence disclosuree

74.0%

(67.2–81.6)

69.1%

(64.6–73.8)

0.25

84.7%

(78.3–91.7)

75.4%

(70.2–81.0)

0.03

1.14

(1.01–1.28)

0.03

1.09

(1.00–1.19)

0.04

0.58

Secondary School

 Past year sexual violence prevalence

22.7%

(17.5–29.4)

20.1%

(13.3–30.3)

0.62

15.1%

(11.6–19.8)

23.1%

(16.5–32.4)

0.06

0.70

(0.54–0.91)

0.01

1.13

(0.78–1.67)

0.51

0.04

 School incident rated

(33.9)

(24.7–46.6)

(28.8)

(17.7–46.9)

0.59

(26.2)

(18.8–36.5)

(35.8)

(25.4–50.3)

0.20

0.82

(0.56–1.19)

0.29

1.23

(0.78–1.94)

0.38

0.18

 High confidence

54.8%

(43.1–69.7)

36.9%

(30.6–44.5)

0.01

69.9%

(63.5–77.0)

46.0%

(36.6–57.8)

0.001

1.30

(1.01–1.66)

0.04

1.24

(0.96–1.61)

0.10

0.82

 Correct knowledge

26.4%

(19.8–35.3)

13.5%

(9.2–19.8)

0.01

67.8

(61.9–74.3)

18.9%

(13.7–26.0)

< 0.001

2.57

(1.91–3.45)

< 0.001

1.40

(0.93–2.09)

0.11

0.02

 Sexual violence disclosuree

71.1%

(61.7–81.9)

65.9%

(54.5–79.8)

0.54

81.7%

(72.7–91.8)

73.9%

(67.2–81.3)

0.19

1.13

(0.93–1.38)

0.22

1.12

(0.92–1.36)

0.25

0.94

  1. aBetween-arm difference within time point; b Between-time point within arm ratio; c Between-arm between-time point ratio of ratios; d Per 1000 person-months; eAmong those affected (past year); boldface illustrates statistical significance at p < 0.05