Dependent variable: (lnCit)
|
---|
Countries
|
Low- and lower-middle income
|
Upper-middle-income
|
---|
Independent variables
| Group1 (GNIit≦US$999)a
| Group 2 (US$1000≦GNIit≦US$1999)b
| Group 3 (US$2000≦ GNIit≦US$2999)c
| Group 4 (US$3000≦ GNIit≦US$3999)d
| Group 5 (US$4000≦GNIit≦US$5999)e
|
Group 6 (GNIit > US$6000)f
|
---|
Constant
|
1.435 (0.203)**
|
0.919 (0.182)**
|
−0.072 (0.256)
|
0.831 (0.564)
|
0.269 (0.341)
|
−0.757 (0.552)
|
ln Pit
|
−0.037 (0.068)
|
− 0.146 (0.089)
|
− 0.488 (0.289)**
|
− 0.267 (0.238)
|
− 0.614 (0.155)**
|
−1.304 (0.306)**
|
lnGNIit
|
− 0.161 (0.076)**
|
0.046 (0.061)
|
0.408 (0.078)**
|
0.017 (0.165)
|
0.327 (0.098)**
|
0.769 (0.161)**
|
FCTCit
|
0.02 (0.012)
|
−0.048 (0.005)**
|
−0.154 (0.027)**
|
− 0.072 (0.023)**
|
−0.045 (0.023)**
|
− 0.103 (0.046)**
|
Observations
|
68
|
102
|
68
|
51
|
51
|
34
|
Number of country
|
4
|
6
|
4
|
3
|
3
|
2
|
Hausman test
|
60.07**
|
7.41
|
34.56**
|
34.65**
|
39.08**
|
20.81**
|
R2
|
0.256
|
0.533
|
0.919
|
0.849
|
0.657
|
0.387
|
Wald F test
|
91.131**
|
146.45**
|
23.555**
|
23.663**
|
79.333**
|
21.077**
|
- Ln: natural logarithm; Cit: the annual cigarette consumption per capita in the population aged 15 and older in country i in year t; Pit: the cigarette real retail price per pack of 20 cigarettes in country i in year t; GNIit: per capita gross national income in country i in year t; FCTCit: the dummy variable to describe the state of ratification of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control in country i in year t; ** denote statistically significant at 5%; Standard errors are shown in parentheses. Sargan test stands for overidentification test of all instruments. Wald F test stands for weak identification test (Kleibergen-Paap rk F statistic)
- aGroup1 countries (GNI per capita of US$999 or less): Cambodia, Nepal, Bangladesh, Myanmar
- bGroup 2 countries (GNI per capita between US$1000 and US$1999): India, Laos, Vietnam, Bhutan, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands
- cGroup 3 countries (GNI per capita between US$2000 and US$2999): Indonesia, Mongolia, Sri Lanka, Vanuatu
- dGroup 4 countries (GNI per capita between US$3000 and US$3999): Philippines, Samoa, Tonga
- eGroup 5 countries (GNI per capita between US$4000 and US$5999): Fiji, Maldives, Thailand
- fGroup 6 countries (GNI per capita of US$5999 or more): China, Malaysia