Table 3 Main results of the selected studies/papers

Author(s), year, country

Main results

Diug, Evans et al. 2011, Australia

• Inadequate HL, cognitive impairment and depression were associated with increased risk of bleeding (HL stronger relationship).

• Inadequate HL in 68% cases and 39% controls.

• Group of cases worse adherence and less use of dispensers.

Dolor, Ruybalid et al., 2010, USA

• 88.4% successfully completed training

• Failure to perform PST NOT related to HL

Estrada, Martin-Hryniewicz et al., 2004, USA

• 47.6% have adequate HL and 11.2% have inadequate HL.

• Positive correlation between low HL and greater variability in INR.

• HL level not associated with time remaining in range.

Fang, Machtinger et al., 2006, USA

• 60.9% have limited HL

• Median S-TOFHLA: 17

• Limited HL was associated with knowledge deficit of its pathology (AF)

• Limited HL was not associated with INR in range or adherence.

Fang, Panguluri et al., 2009, USA

• S-CASI < 17 was associated with discordant responses in stroke and warfarin therapy.

• Average score of S-TOFHLA:17 (marginal HL)

• Inadequate HL was associated with discordant responses

Oramasionwu, Bailey et al., 2014, USA

• Patients with limited HL have an older age, lower level of education, and lower annual income.

• 51% have limited HL.

• Limited HL was associated with worse control (TTR < 50%) in adults> 65 years.

Schillinger, Machtinger et al., 2006, USA

• 48% inadequate HL and 13% marginal HL

• 39% adequate HL

• 56% INR in range for 90 days

• Minor visual and verbal agreement in patients with insufficient HL

Schillinger, Wang et al., 2006, USA

• 48% inadequate HL, 13% marginal HL and 39% adequate HL.

• 70% maintained adherence but 50% presented discordant regimes

• 43.8% of INR was out of range.

Wilson, Racine et al., 2003, USA

• 90% knew that warfarin was anticoagulant, only 50% Knew side effects

• Significant relationship between HL and knowledge level

• HL greater in women

Wilson, Templin et al., 2015, USA

• 52.9% score REALM between 45 and 60.

• 72.8% responded correctly to the KIP-C20

• Correlation between KIP-C14 and REALM was 9%.

• Important gap in HL level.