Prevalence and factors associated with pre-diabetes and diabetes mellitus in Kenya: results from a national survey

Table 4 Determinants of diabetes, overall and by gender

Indicator	Both		Males		Females
Indicator	AOR [95%CI]	P-value*	AOR [95%CI]	P-value*	AOR [95%CI]	P-value*
Age groups (Ref: [18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29])	1.00		1.00		1.00
30–44	2.55 [0.89;7.28]	< 0.001	1.32 [0.13;13.47]	0.001	3.92 [1.19;12.88]	0.035
45–59	6.59 [2.55;17.07]		7.98 [0.85;74.75]		5.23 [1.74;15.74]
60–69	5.64 [2.11;15.13]		7.63 [0.99;58.78]		4.01 [1.15;13.96]
Sex (Ref: Females)	1.00
Males	0.76 [0.39;1.49]	0.420
Hypertensive (Ref: Normal BP)	1.00		1.00		1.00
Raised BP	2.77 [1.53;5.03]	0.001	2.29 [1.00;5.26]	0.051	3.32 [1.70;6.51]	0.001
Waist circumference (Ref: Normal)	1.00		1.00		1.00
Obese	2.02 [0.94;4.37]	0.073	3.40 [0.71;16.39]	0.126	1.39 [0.72;2.68]	0.324
Body mass index (Ref: Normal)	1.00		1.00		1.00
Obese/Overweight	1.64 [0.73;3.70]	0.228	0.79 [0.15;4.04]	0.774	3.16 [1.70;5.88]	< 0.001
Insufficient physical activity (Ref: Sufficient)	1.00		1.00		1.00
Insufficient	2.02 [0.86;4.71]	0.104	2.81 [0.74;10.63]	0.127	1.40 [0.60;3.24]	0.436
Sugar intake (Ref: Normal)	1.00		1.00		1.00
High	1.44 [0.77;2.70]	0.249	1.22 [0.34;4.32]	0.762	1.82 [0.81;4.11]	0.148
Harmful use of alcohol (Ref: No)	1.00		1.00		1.00
Yes	1.88 [0.84;4.21]	0.126	2.14 [0.79;5.83]	0.134	1.62 [0.30;8.86]	0.577
Fat intake (Ref: Good)	1.00		1.00		1.00
Bad	0.78 [0.45;1.34]	0.361	0.62 [0.24;1.62]	0.328	0.84 [0.49;1.44]	0.529
HDL cholesterol (Ref: Normal)	1.00		1.00		1.00
Low	0.72 [0.40;1.29]	0.265	0.87 [0.39;1.96]	0.740	0.66 [0.37;1.20]	0.173
Total cholesterol (Ref: Normal)	1.00		1.00		1.00
High	1.47 [0.83;2.60]	0.182	1.55 [0.36;6.60]	0.555	1.89 [0.88;4.03]	0.101
Total (N)	3877		1577		2300

Place of residence, marital status, education level and wealth status were not significant hence results not presented here
Italicized estimates are significant
*this is the overall p-value for the association between between the dependent and independent variables

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