| Adherence Behaviors | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N(%) | Dietary Adherence | Body Weight Monitoring | Glycemic Monitoring | Medication Adherence | Exercise Adherence | Total Score | |
Age (years) | |||||||
 20–29 | 14(1.3) | 3.36(1.39) | 2.93(1.39) | 2.71(1.82) | 2.64(1.39) | 2.69(1.65) | 14.77(4.87) |
 30–39 | 53(5.0) | 2.87(1.42) | 2.49(1.54) | 2.78(1.46) | 3.80(1.16) | 2.02(1.59) | 13.49(4.61) |
 40–49 | 172(16.3) | 3.21(1.42) | 2.52(1.33) | 2.60(1.66) | 3.85(0.99) | 2.15(1.67) | 14.40(4.55) |
 50–59 | 392(37.1) | 3.41(1.42) | 2.53(1.35) | 2.53(1.66) | 3.96(0.89) | 2.43(1.67) | 14.80(4.19) |
 Over 60 | 426(40.3) | 3.50(1.46) | 2.60(1.47) | 2.68(1.75) | 4.04(0.95) | 2.84(1.76) | 15.64(4.22) |
 p-value |  | 0.017* | 0.771 | 0.685 | < 0.001*** | < 0.001*** | 0.001** |
HbA1C (%) | |||||||
 Under 7.0 | 407(38.4) | 3.52(1.37) | 2.65(1.38) | 2.79(1.66) | 3.98(0.91) | 2.75(1.72) | 15.69(4.05) |
 Over 7.1 | 652(61.6) | 3.30(1.48) | 2.50(1.42) | 2.51(1.70) | 3.93(1.00) | 2.40(1.72) | 14.61(4.43) |
 p-value |  | 0.015* | 0.091 | 0.009** | 0.371 | 0.001** | < 0.001*** |
Gender | |||||||
 Male | 539(50.9) | 3.26(1.51) | 2.46(1.41) | 2.57(1.67) | 3.92(0.95) | 2.48(1.76) | 14.67(4.36) |
 Female | 520(49.1) | 3.51(1.36) | 2.67(1.39) | 2.67(1.72) | 3.98(0.98) | 2.60(1.69) | 15.41(4.25) |
 p-value |  | 0.006** | 0.013* | 0.334 | 0.298 | 0.253 | 0.007** |
Educational Attainment | |||||||
 Primary school or lower | 251(23.7) | 3.57(1.50) | 2.44(1.48) | 2.56(1.79) | 4.00(1.03) | 2.66(1.83) | 15.19(4.50) |
 Junior High | 185(17.5) | 3.33(1.40) | 2.37(1.28) | 2.41(1.58) | 3.93(0.87) | 2.17(1.76) | 14.23(4.00) |
 Senior High | 364(34.4) | 3.31(1.39) | 2.60(1.36) | 2.65(1.67) | 4.03(0.84) | 2.48(1.70) | 15.08(4.41) |
 College or Higher | 259(24.5) | 3.35(1.48) | 2.76(1.44) | 2.78(1.69) | 3.81(1.12) | 2.75(1.58) | 15.39(4.21) |
 p-value |  | 0.146 | 0.010* | 0.148 | 0.041* | 0.003** | 0.042* |
Patient Caregiver | |||||||
 Self | 611(57.7) | 3.28(1.49) | 2.48(1.41) | 2.43(1.77) | 3.97(1.01) | 2.65(1.73) | 14.78(4.30) |
 Others | 98(9.3) | 3.38(1.54) | 2.68(1.47) | 2.57(1.72) | 3.80(1.12) | 2.07(1.82) | 14.45(4.44) |
 Self + Others | 350(33.1) | 3.57(1.30) | 2.66(1.37) | 2.96(1.47) | 3.95(0.84) | 2.47(1.67) | 15.62(4.27) |
 p-value |  | 0.012* | 0.113 | < 0.001*** | 0.289 | 0.006** | 0.008** |
Specialty Visited | |||||||
 Endocrinology & Metabolism | 654(61.9) | 3.49(1.40) | 2.68(1.43) | 2.77(1.67) | 3.94(0.97) | 2.64(1.70) | 15.49(4.24) |
 Others | 402(38.1) | 3.20(1.50) | 2.37(1.34) | 2.37(1.71) | 3.97(0.97) | 2.37(1.76) | 14.26(4.37) |
 p-value |  | 0.002** | < 0.001*** | < 0.001*** | 0.698 | 0.015* | < 0.001*** |
Insulin Use | |||||||
 Yes | 160(15.1) | 3.29(1.40) | 2.55(1.52) | 3.08(1.60) | 3.76(1.08) | 2.34(1.75) | 14.50(4.74) |
 No | 899(84.9) | 3.40(1.45) | 2.56(1.38) | 2.54(1.69) | 3.98(0.94) | 2.57(1.72) | 15.11(4.25) |
 p-value |  | 0.357 | 0.923 | < 0.001*** | 0.028* | 0.113 | 0.136 |
Health Care Facility Accreditation Level | |||||||
 Medical Center | 232(21.9) | 2.95(1.68) | 2.54(1.60) | 2.43(1.81) | 3.88(1.08) | 2.71(1.69) | 14.55(4.74) |
 Regional Hospital | 314(29.7) | 3.52(1.26) | 2.74(1.33) | 2.82(1.58) | 3.89(1.03) | 2.61(1.74) | 15.53(4.11) |
 District Hospital | 165(15.6) | 3.68(1.32) | 2.60(1.43) | 2.74(1.68) | 3.94(0.90) | 2.52(1.69) | 15.39(4.44) |
 Community Clinic | 348(32.9) | 3.41(1.42) | 2.40(1.30) | 2.51(1.69) | 4.05(0.84) | 2.37(1.75) | 14.72(4.10) |
 p-value |  | < 0.001*** | 0.022* | 0.025* | 0.136 | 0.110 | 0.022* |
Residential Region | |||||||
 Northern | 466(44.0) | 3.09(1.45) | 2.60(1.45) | 2.45(1.66) | 3.96(0.98) | 2.28(1.71) | 14.38(4.25) |
 Central | 251(23.7) | 4.06(1.19) | 2.90(1.35) | 2.95(1.73) | 4.13(0.78) | 3.00(1.58) | 16.93(4.24) |
 Southern | 299(28.2) | 3.23(1.46) | 2.29(1.30) | 2.60(1.65) | 3.81(1.05) | 2.56(1.77) | 14.55(4.08) |
 Eastern & Outlying Islands | 43(4.1) | 3.69(1.26) | 2.12(1.40) | 2.63(1.80) | 3.74(1.00) | 2.40(1.92) | 14.50(4.11) |
 p-value |  | < 0.001*** | < 0.001*** | 0.002** | 0.001** | < 0.001*** | < 0.001*** |