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Table 3 Adherence behavior by demographics and health factors (N = 1059)

From: Disease-specific health literacy, disease knowledge, and adherence behavior among patients with type 2 diabetes in Taiwan

 

Adherence Behaviors

N(%)

Dietary Adherence

Body Weight Monitoring

Glycemic Monitoring

Medication Adherence

Exercise Adherence

Total Score

Age (years)

 20–29

14(1.3)

3.36(1.39)

2.93(1.39)

2.71(1.82)

2.64(1.39)

2.69(1.65)

14.77(4.87)

 30–39

53(5.0)

2.87(1.42)

2.49(1.54)

2.78(1.46)

3.80(1.16)

2.02(1.59)

13.49(4.61)

 40–49

172(16.3)

3.21(1.42)

2.52(1.33)

2.60(1.66)

3.85(0.99)

2.15(1.67)

14.40(4.55)

 50–59

392(37.1)

3.41(1.42)

2.53(1.35)

2.53(1.66)

3.96(0.89)

2.43(1.67)

14.80(4.19)

 Over 60

426(40.3)

3.50(1.46)

2.60(1.47)

2.68(1.75)

4.04(0.95)

2.84(1.76)

15.64(4.22)

 p-value

 

0.017*

0.771

0.685

< 0.001***

< 0.001***

0.001**

HbA1C (%)

 Under 7.0

407(38.4)

3.52(1.37)

2.65(1.38)

2.79(1.66)

3.98(0.91)

2.75(1.72)

15.69(4.05)

 Over 7.1

652(61.6)

3.30(1.48)

2.50(1.42)

2.51(1.70)

3.93(1.00)

2.40(1.72)

14.61(4.43)

 p-value

 

0.015*

0.091

0.009**

0.371

0.001**

< 0.001***

Gender

 Male

539(50.9)

3.26(1.51)

2.46(1.41)

2.57(1.67)

3.92(0.95)

2.48(1.76)

14.67(4.36)

 Female

520(49.1)

3.51(1.36)

2.67(1.39)

2.67(1.72)

3.98(0.98)

2.60(1.69)

15.41(4.25)

 p-value

 

0.006**

0.013*

0.334

0.298

0.253

0.007**

Educational Attainment

 Primary school or lower

251(23.7)

3.57(1.50)

2.44(1.48)

2.56(1.79)

4.00(1.03)

2.66(1.83)

15.19(4.50)

 Junior High

185(17.5)

3.33(1.40)

2.37(1.28)

2.41(1.58)

3.93(0.87)

2.17(1.76)

14.23(4.00)

 Senior High

364(34.4)

3.31(1.39)

2.60(1.36)

2.65(1.67)

4.03(0.84)

2.48(1.70)

15.08(4.41)

 College or Higher

259(24.5)

3.35(1.48)

2.76(1.44)

2.78(1.69)

3.81(1.12)

2.75(1.58)

15.39(4.21)

 p-value

 

0.146

0.010*

0.148

0.041*

0.003**

0.042*

Patient Caregiver

 Self

611(57.7)

3.28(1.49)

2.48(1.41)

2.43(1.77)

3.97(1.01)

2.65(1.73)

14.78(4.30)

 Others

98(9.3)

3.38(1.54)

2.68(1.47)

2.57(1.72)

3.80(1.12)

2.07(1.82)

14.45(4.44)

 Self + Others

350(33.1)

3.57(1.30)

2.66(1.37)

2.96(1.47)

3.95(0.84)

2.47(1.67)

15.62(4.27)

 p-value

 

0.012*

0.113

< 0.001***

0.289

0.006**

0.008**

Specialty Visited

 Endocrinology & Metabolism

654(61.9)

3.49(1.40)

2.68(1.43)

2.77(1.67)

3.94(0.97)

2.64(1.70)

15.49(4.24)

 Others

402(38.1)

3.20(1.50)

2.37(1.34)

2.37(1.71)

3.97(0.97)

2.37(1.76)

14.26(4.37)

 p-value

 

0.002**

< 0.001***

< 0.001***

0.698

0.015*

< 0.001***

Insulin Use

 Yes

160(15.1)

3.29(1.40)

2.55(1.52)

3.08(1.60)

3.76(1.08)

2.34(1.75)

14.50(4.74)

 No

899(84.9)

3.40(1.45)

2.56(1.38)

2.54(1.69)

3.98(0.94)

2.57(1.72)

15.11(4.25)

 p-value

 

0.357

0.923

< 0.001***

0.028*

0.113

0.136

Health Care Facility Accreditation Level

 Medical Center

232(21.9)

2.95(1.68)

2.54(1.60)

2.43(1.81)

3.88(1.08)

2.71(1.69)

14.55(4.74)

 Regional Hospital

314(29.7)

3.52(1.26)

2.74(1.33)

2.82(1.58)

3.89(1.03)

2.61(1.74)

15.53(4.11)

 District Hospital

165(15.6)

3.68(1.32)

2.60(1.43)

2.74(1.68)

3.94(0.90)

2.52(1.69)

15.39(4.44)

 Community Clinic

348(32.9)

3.41(1.42)

2.40(1.30)

2.51(1.69)

4.05(0.84)

2.37(1.75)

14.72(4.10)

 p-value

 

< 0.001***

0.022*

0.025*

0.136

0.110

0.022*

Residential Region

 Northern

466(44.0)

3.09(1.45)

2.60(1.45)

2.45(1.66)

3.96(0.98)

2.28(1.71)

14.38(4.25)

 Central

251(23.7)

4.06(1.19)

2.90(1.35)

2.95(1.73)

4.13(0.78)

3.00(1.58)

16.93(4.24)

 Southern

299(28.2)

3.23(1.46)

2.29(1.30)

2.60(1.65)

3.81(1.05)

2.56(1.77)

14.55(4.08)

 Eastern & Outlying Islands

43(4.1)

3.69(1.26)

2.12(1.40)

2.63(1.80)

3.74(1.00)

2.40(1.92)

14.50(4.11)

 p-value

 

< 0.001***

< 0.001***

0.002**

0.001**

< 0.001***

< 0.001***

  1. Total score = dietary adherence + body weight monitoring + glycemic monitoring + medication adherence + exercise adherence
  2. * p < 0.05,** p < 0.01,*** p < 0.001