Development and convergent validity of new self-administered questionnaires of active transportation in three African countries: Kenya, Mozambique and Nigeria

Table 3 Bennet’s kappa analysis of challenges/barriers to active transport to school (Kenya and Nigeria analyzed separately) -parent vs. child report

Item	Kenya			Nigeria
Item	N	Bennett’s Kappa	Strength of Agreement	N	Bennett’s Kappa	Strength of Agreement
There are too many hills along the way	1093	0.58	Moderate	919	0.44	Moderate
There are no suitable walking/running or biking paths	1093	0.32	Fair	910	0.35	Fair
The route is boring (nothing interesting to see)	1090	0.47	Moderate	911	0.26	Fair
The route does not have good lighting	1087	0.21	Fair	911	0.21	Fair
There is too much traffic along the route	1092	0.33	Fair	915	0.35	Fair
There are dangerous crossings	1085	0.42	Moderate	916	0.36	Fair
My child gets too hot and sweaty	1084	0.43	Moderate	909	0.31	Fair
No other children walk/run or bike to school	1087	0.31	Fair	897	0.21	Fair
It’s not considered fashionable to walk/run or bike	1087	0.47	Moderate	Nil	Nil	Nil
My child has too many things to carry	1086	0.59	Moderate	906	0.28	Fair
It is easier for me to drive my child	1079	0.39	Fair	893	0.23	Fair
It involves too much planning ahead	1083	0.33	Fair	891	0.21	Fair
It is unsafe because of crime (strangers, gangs, drugs)	1088	0.24	Fair	910	0.28	Fair
My child gets bullied, teased, harassed	1083	0.36	Fair	904	0.26	Fair
There is nowhere to leave a bike safely	1089	0.38	Fair	905	0.06	Slight
There are stray dogs or other dangerous animals	1083	0.48	Moderate	913	0.24	Fair
It is too far	1087	0.43	Moderate	924	0.37	Fair
The route is difficult to walk/run or bike because of garbage, water or bad smells	1092	0.35	Fair	915	0.24	Fair
The route is isolated	1083	0.50	Moderate	913	0.15	Slight
My child has a disability	1088	0.24	Slight	908	0.37	Fair

ISSN: 1471-2458