Direct healthcare costs associated with device assessed and self-reported physical activity: results from a cross-sectional population-based study

Karl, Florian M.; Tremmel, Maximilian; Luzak, Agnes; Schulz, Holger; Peters, Annette; Meisinger, Christa; Holle, Rolf; Laxy, Michael

doi:10.1186/s12889-018-5906-7

Table 4 Overall direct costs (€) associated with PIA estimated with the different models in the subsample

From: Direct healthcare costs associated with device assessed and self-reported physical activity: results from a cross-sectional population-based study

Variable	MVPA (Quartiles); mean and mean difference [95% CI]				Light intensity physical activity (Quartiles); mean and mean difference [95% CI]				Step counts ^g; mean and mean difference [95% CI]		WHO threshold^h; mean and mean difference [95% CI]
Variable	Very high (Ref.)	High (β)	Low (β)	Very low (β)	Very high (Ref.)	High (β)	Low (β)	Very low (β)	Active (Ref.)	Inactive (β)	Active (Ref.)	Inactive (β)
Model A^a	1276 [841, 1759]	− 308 [− 883, 233]	300 [− 363, 992]	986 [15, 1982]**	1361 [806, 2005]	86 [− 656, 788]	37 [− 774, 799]	685 [− 294, 1838]	1309 [846, 1830]	301 [− 331, 851]	1397 [843, 2175]	186 [− 585, 823]
Model B^b	1297 [903, 1790]	−304 [− 870, 237]	255 [− 407, 912]	1049 [1, 2278]**	1306 [822, 1834]	181 [− 475, 851]	242 [− 596, 946]	702 [− 242, 1776]	1389 [918, 1955]	239 [− 415, 786]	1498 [901, 2226]	101 [− 684, 704]
Model C^c	877 [556, 1249]	− 116 [− 606, 362]	149 [− 465, 861]	889 [− 5, 1870]*	765 [465, 1133]	109 [− 355, 560]	518 [− 119, 1287]	912 [29, 1986]**	976 [592, 1459]	167 [− 413, 689]	911 [528, 1423]	235 [− 394, 772]
Model D^d	1055 [721, 1506]	−91 [− 561, 389]	338 [− 274, 949]	1107 [151, 2166]**	1247 [743, 1849]	53 [−684, 719]	−35 [− 720, 669]	681 [− 246, 1709]	1118 [764, 1551]	358 [−175, 839]	1060 [682, 1547]	401 [− 172, 923]
Model E^e	1253 [876, 1737]	− 292 [− 246, 797]	310 [− 384, 1027]	1080 [74, 2207]**	1387 [848, 2134]	−56 [− 797, 755]	−5 [− 865, 737]	675 [− 423, 1808]	1331 [904, 1878]	262 [− 354, 878]	1357 [822, 2089]	229 [− 541, 837]
Model F^f	1315 [927, 1797]	− 351 [− 833, 220]	262 [− 492, 1010]	966 [13, 2097]**	1511 [912, 2349]	−40 [− 987, 694]	− 159 [− 932, 591]	462 [− 619, 1486]	–	–	–	–

The highest level of PA was used as a reference within all four different measures of PA. Therefore, the values in the respective columns (Ref.) represents a mean estimate whereas the values in the other columns (β) represent coefficients
^aModel A: adjusted for age, age², sex, education and equivalence income;
^bModel B: adjusted for variables in Model A plus diabetes, asthma, MI, stroke, cancer, smoking status and alcohol consumption;
^cModel C: adjusted for variables in Model A & exclusion of participants with prevalent chronic diseases mentioned in Model B (n = 1608);
^dModel D: adjusted for variables in Model A & exclusion of participants with problems with walking (n = 2059);
^fModel F: adjusted for variables in Model A & MVPA or light intensity physical activity, respectively;
^gactive: > 10.000 steps per day, inactive: ≤ 10.000 steps per day;
^hactive: ≥ 150 min MVPA per week in ≥10-min bouts, inactive < 150 min MVPA per week in ≥10-min bouts; ** p < 0.05, * trend with p < 0.10

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ISSN: 1471-2458

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