Direct healthcare costs associated with device assessed and self-reported physical activity: results from a cross-sectional population-based study

Table 3 Overall direct costs (€) associated with PIA estimated with the different models in the total sample

Variable	Physical activity during sports
Variable	High activity (Ref. [95% CI])	Moderate activity (β [95% CI])	Low activity (β [95% CI])	No activity (β [95% CI])
Model A^a	1700 [1423, 1996]	84 [− 346, 459.8]	275 [− 212.6–836.6]	189 [−188–598]
Model B^b	1783 [1527, 2089]	125 [− 260, 509]	206 [−357–730]	6 [−423–391]
Model C^c	1314 [1045, 1604]	−66 [− 431, 298]	143 [− 374–698]	−167 [− 531–197]
Model D^d	1481 [1225, 1759]	109 [− 225, 437]	189 [− 287–679]	33 [− 365–382]

The highest level of PA was used as a reference within all four different measures of PA. Therefore, the values in the respective columns (Ref.) represent a mean estimate whereas the values in the other columns (β) represent coefficients
^aModel A: adjusted for age, age², sex, education and equivalence income;
^bModel B: adjusted for variables in Model A plus diabetes, asthma, MI, stroke, cancer, smoking status and alcohol consumption;
^cModel C: adjusted for variables in Model A & exclusion of participants with prevalent chronic diseases mentioned in Model B (n = 1608);
^dModel D: adjusted for variables in Model A & exclusion of participants with problems with walking (n = 2059);
** p < 0.05, * trend with p < 0.10

ISSN: 1471-2458