Table 1 Demographic and clinical data of the study population

N

1644

 Gender, female, n (%)

917 (55.8)

 Age, years

30.1 ± 12.0

 Age of diagnosis, years

14.6 ± 8.9

 Duration of diabetes, years

15.3 ± 9.3

 Years of formal education, years

12.3 ± 3.8

  High

49 (3.0)

  Medium

745 (45.3)

  Low

795 (48.4)

  Very low

55 (3.3)

 HbA1c (%)

9.0 ± 2.1

 HbA1c, mean (SD), mmol/mol

74.5 ± 23.1

 Diet adherence > 80%, n (%)

846 (58.4)

  Intermediate or long acting

80 (4.9)

  Intermediate/long plus short acting

1.510 (91.8)

  CSII

54 (3.3)

 Serum uric acid, mean (SD), mg/dL

5.1 ± 1.8

 HDL cholesterol, mean (SD), mg/dL

56.8 ± 19.1

 LDL cholesterol, mean (SD), mg/dL

109.8 ± 40.8

 Triglycerides, mean (SD), mg/dL

109.8 ± 84.6

 BMI, mean (SD), kg/m²

24.2 ± 4.2

 Arterial hypertension, yes, n (%)

288 (17.5)

 Macrovascular disease, yes n (%)

57 (3.5)

 Use of an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, yes, n (%)

437 (26.6)

 Current smoker, yes, n (%)

86 (5.6)

 Chronic kidney disease, yes, n (%)

289 (16.4)

  Absent

1055 (64.2)

  Mild non-proliferative

298 (18.1)

  Moderate non-proliferative

108 (6.6)

  Severe non-proliferative

11 (0.6)

  Proliferative

172 (10.4)

 Macular edema, yes, n (%)^†

44 (2.7)