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Table 5 The association between vegetable variety score (VVS) and health-related quality of life (HR-QoL) as well as its sub-scales among the women in fertile age

From: Higher vegetable intake and vegetable variety is associated with a better self-reported health-related quality of life (HR-QoL) in a cross-sectional survey of rural northern Ghanaian women in fertile age

Model

Mean score (95% C.I) by terciles of vegetable intake

P-trend1

Low (n = 51)

Moderate (n = 71)

High (n = 65)

HR-QoL

 Crude model

70.6 (66.9, 74.4)

67.1 (64.0, 70.3)

71.3 (68.0, 74.5)

0.59

 Multivariate model2

62.1 (55.9, 68.3)

58.9 (52.6, 65.2)

66.3 (60.3, 72.3)b

0.04*

Physical health

 Crude model

76.1 (71.3, 80.9)

70.3 (66.3, 74.4)

72.6 (68.4, 76.9)

0.42

 Multivariate model2

64.6 (56.2, 72.9)

59.3 (50.8, 67.8)

65.8 (57.7, 73.8)

0.56

Mental health

 Crude model

65.2 (61.8, 68.6)

63.9 (61.1, 66.8)

69.9 (66.9, 72.9)b

0.02*

 Multivariate model2

59.6 (53.7, 65.6)

58.5 (52.5, 64.6)

66.8 (61.1, 72.6)a, b

0.001*

Subscales of the SF-36

Physical functioning

 Crude model

79.4 (74.6, 84.1)

82.8 (78.7, 86.8)

77.3 (73.1, 81.5)

0.36

 Multivariate model2

66.8 (58.0, 75.8)

69.1 (60.2, 78.0)

67.4 (58.9, 75.9)

0.93

Role-physical

 Crude model

76.0 (67.7, 84.2)

66.6 (59.7, 73.6)

81.1 (73.8, 88.4)b

0.18

 Multivariate model2

62.8 (47.5, 78.1)

55.1 (39.5, 70.6)

74.7 (59.9, 89.5)b

0.02*

Bodily pain

 Crude model

77.4 (70.2, 84.5)

67.0 (61.0, 73.1)

68.5 (62.2, 74.9)

0.12

 Multivariate model2

63.3 (50.2, 76.4)

53.1 (39.8, 66.4)

60.5 (47.8, 73.2)

0.72

General health

 Crude model

71.7 (66.8, 76.6)c

64.8 (60.7, 69.0)

63.5 (59.2, 67.9)

0.02*

 Multivariate model2

65.4 (56.1, 74.7)

60.0 (50.6, 69.5)

60.7 (51.7, 69.7)

0.18

Vitality/energy

 Crude model

47.3 (44.5, 50.0)

49.6 (47.3, 51.9)

55.1 (52.7, 57.5)a,b

<.0001*

 Multivariate model2

46.5 (41.0, 52.0)

49.7 (44.1, 55.2)

55.0 (49.7, 60.3)a,b

<.0001 *

Social functioning

 Crude model

75.3 (70.7, 79.9)

73.6 (69.7, 77.5)

76.2 (72.1, 80.4)

0.66

 Multivariate model2

74.0 (65.1, 83.0)

73.1 (64.0, 82.2)

77.0 (68.3, 85.7)

0.34

Role emotional

 Crude model

76.6 (68.1, 85.1)

70.0 (62.8, 77.2)

81.0 (73.5, 88.5)

0.28

 Multivariate model2

61.4 (45.3, 77.5)

53.8 (37.5, 70.0)

71.6 (56.3, 86.9)b

0.05*

Emotional well-being

 Crude model

61.6 (57.7, 65.5)

62.6 (59.3, 65.9)

67.2 (63.7, 70.6)

0.03*

 Multivariate model2

56.3 (49.1, 63.5)

57.5 (50.2, 64.8)

64.0 (57.1, 70.9)a, b

0.002*

  1. HR-QoL Health-related quality of life, C.I confidence interval; 1Test for trend based on median values in each tercile-ordinal variable; 2multivariate model was adjusted for age of woman, body-mass-index (BMI), parity, educational status of participant (literate/non-literate), occupation of participant (farmer/other), marital status of participant (never married, currently married and formerly married), age of household head, household hunger scale category, household asset index tercile; aStatistically significantly higher (P < 0.05) than the low tercile category (Tukey-Kramer adjustment); b Statistically significantly higher (P < 0.05) than the moderate tercile category (Tukey-Kramer adjustment); cStatistically significantly higher (P < 0.05) than the high tercile category (Tukey-Kramer adjustment); *P-value is statistically significant at 5% level of significance