Table 1 Characteristics of study participants by eating speed
Variable | Male | Female | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Slow (n = 371) | Medium (n = 2188) | Fast (n = 1905) | P valuea | Slow (n = 523) | Medium (n = 1964) | Fast (n = 1021) | P valuea | |
Age (years)b | 38 (31–48) | 39 (32–48) | 37 (31–46) | < 0.0001 | 34 (29–41) | 35 (30–43) | 36 (30–43) | 0.0041 |
BMI (kg/m2)b | 24.2 (21.8–26.8) | 25.0 (23.1–27.0) | 25.7 (23.5–28.1) | < 0.0001 | 21.1 (19.1–23.1) | 21.8 (20.2–24.1) | 22.5 (20.5–24.8) | < 0.0001 |
WC (cm)b | 84 (78–92) | 87 (81–93) | 88 (83–95) | < 0.0001 | 70 (65–76) | 72 (68–78) | 73 (68–79) | < 0.0001 |
SBP (mm Hg)b | 120 (110–130) | 120 (116–130) | 120 (110–130) | 0.0009 | 110 (100–120) | 110 (100–120) | 110 (100–120) | < 0.0001 |
DBP (mm Hg)b | 80 (80–90) | 80 (80–90) | 84 (80–90) | 0.0049 | 70 (70–80) | 80 (70–80) | 80 (70–80) | 0.0001 |
FPG (mmol/L)b | 5.22 (4.94–5.58) | 5.23 (4.92–5.64) | 5.23 (4.93–5.63) | 0.7603 | 4.95 (4.70–5.25) | 5.02 (4.74–5.33) | 5.01 (4.74–5.33) | 0.0162 |
TG (mmol/L)b | 1.18 (0.81–1.81) | 1.34 (0.89–1.98) | 1.47 (0.98–2.26) | < 0.0001 | 0.79 (0.60–1.14) | 0.86 (0.62–1.23) | 0.84 (0.63–1.23) | 0.0300 |
HDL (mmol/L)b | 1.19 (1.03–1.39) | 1.15 (1.01–1.31) | 1.11 (0.98–1.27) | < 0.0001 | 1.45 (1.27–1.62) | 1.40 (1.22–1.61) | 1.39 (1.22–1.57) | 0.0065 |
Education (n, %) | Â | Â | Â | 0.0021 | Â | Â | Â | 0.1374 |
 High school or lower | 73 (19.68) | 371 (16.96) | 250 (13.12) |  | 32 (6.12) | 151 (7.69) | 57 (5.58) |  |
 College | 235 (63.34) | 1431 (65.40) | 1294 (67.93) |  | 343 (65.58) | 1209 (61.56) | 647 (63.37) |  |
 Graduate or above | 63 (16.98) | 386 (17.64) | 361 (18.95) |  | 148 (28.30) | 604 (30.75) | 317 (31.05) |  |
Work stress (n, %) |  |  |  | < 0.0001 |  |  |  | 0.0001 |
 Low | 69 (18.60) | 286 (13.07) | 244 (12.81) |  | 90 (17.21) | 310 (15.78) | 133 (13.03) |  |
 Moderate | 142 (38.38) | 1001 (45.94) | 706 (37.32) |  | 267 (51.35) | 955 (48.80) | 463 (45.66) |  |
 High | 160 (43.13) | 901 (41.18) | 955 (50.13) |  | 166 (31.74) | 699 (35.59) | 425 (41.63) |  |
History of antihypertensive treatment (n, %) | 29 (7.82) | 235 (10.74) | 209 (10.97) | 0.1867 | 7 (1.34) | 65 (3.31) | 43 (4.21) | 0.0110 |
History of antidiabetic treatment (n, %) | 8 (2.16) | 87 (3.98) | 69 (3.62) | 0.2238 | 2 (0.38) | 16 (0.81) | 15 (1.47) | 0.0764 |
History of hypolipidaemic treatment (n, %) | 7 (1.89) | 54 (2.47) | 54 (2.83) | 0.5190 | 4 (0.76) | 30 (1.53) | 18 (1.76) | 0.2979 |