Scale 1. Feeling understood and supported by healthcare providers | Scale 2. Having sufficient information to manage my health | Scale 3. Actively managing my health | Scale 4. Social support for health | Scale 5. Appraisal of health information | Scale 6. Ability to actively engage with healthcare providers | Scale 7. Navigating the healthcare system | Scale 8. Ability to find good health information | Scale 9. Understanding health information well enough to know what to do | ||
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Mean score (±SD) | ||||||||||
Score range 1–4 | Score range 1–5 | |||||||||
Age | < 65 | 3.17 (0.55) n = 455 | 3.10 (0.44) n = 455 | 2.98 (0.53) n = 454 | 3.07 (0.51) n = 455 | 2.83 (0.49) n = 455 | 4.18 (0.55) n = 451 | 4.11 (0.54) n = 451 | 4.20 (0.51) n = 451 | 4.34 (0.48) n = 451 |
≥65 | 3.23 (0.46) n = 257 | 3.02 (0.42) n = 257 | 2.99 (0.40) n = 256 | 3.11 (0.48) n = 256 | 2.77 (0.47) n = 255 | 4.15 (0.61) n = 253 | 4.05 (0.64) n = 252 | 3.94 (0.68) n = 252 | 4.16 (0.62) n = 253 | |
Effect size for age (95% CI) | −0.12 (−0.06, −0.17) | 0.19 (0.14, 0.24) | −0.02 (− 0.07, 0.03) | −0.08 (− 0.06, 0.13) | 0.12 (0.08, 0.18) | 0.05 (0.00, 0.13) | 0.10 (0.05, 0.18) | 0.45 (0.40, 0.54) | 0.34 (0.29, 0.41) | |
Live alone | No | 3.21 (0.51) n = 559 | 3.09 (0.43) n = 559 | 2.98 (0.49) n = 558 | 3.10 (0.49) n = 558 | 2.81 (0.47) n = 558 | 4.19 (0.55) n = 557 | 4.11 (0.54) n = 557 | 4.14 (0.56) n = 557 | 4.23 (0.51) n = 557 |
Yes | 3.17 (0.56) n = 137 | 3.04 (0.48) n = 137 | 3.02 (0.44) n = 137 | 3.03 (0.53) n = 137 | 2.79 (0.53) n = 136 | 4.11 (0.67) n = 135 | 4.04 (0.69) n = 134 | 3.99 (0.68) n = 134 | 4.17 (0.65) n = 135 | |
Effect size for live alone (95% CI) | 0.08 (0.03, 0.17) | 0.11 (0.08, 0.19) | −0.08 (−0.12, −0.01) | 0.14 (0.10, 0.23) | 0.04 (0.00, 0.13) | 0.14 (0.09, 0.25) | 0.12 (0.08, 0.24) | 0.26 (0.21, 0.37) | 0.11 (0.07, 0.22) | |
Born overseas | No | 3.20 (0.53) n = 613 | 3.09 (0.44) n = 613 | 2.99 (0.49) n = 611 | 3.08 (0.50) n = 612 | 2.81 (0.48) n = 611 | 4.17 (0.58) n = 606 | 4.10 (0.57) n = 605 | 4.13 (0.57) n = 605 | 4.29 (0.53) n = 606 |
Yes | 3.20 (0.46) n = 98 | 2.96 (0.44) n = 98 | 2.94 (0.45) n = 98 | 3.10 (0.49) n = 98 | 2.76 (0.51) n = 98 | 4.17 (0.57) n = 98 | 4.07 (0.58) n = 98 | 3.97 (0.69) n = 98 | 4.20 (0.60) n = 98 | |
Effect size for live alone (95% CI) | 0.00 (−0.04, 0.09) | 0.30 (0.26, 0.38) | 0.10 (0.06, 0.19) | −0.04 (− 0.08, 0.06) | 0.10 (0.07, 0.20) | 0.00 (− 0.05, 0.11) | 0.05 (0.01, 0.17) | 0.26 (0.21, 0.39) | 0.17 (0.12, 0.29) | |
Health care card | No | 3.19 (0.54) n = 415 | 3.13 (0.43) n = 415 | 3.02 (0.52) n = 415 | 3.12 (0.48) n = 415 | 2.84 (0.48) n = 414 | 4.22 (0.55) n = 412 | 4.13 (0.54) n = 411 | 4.22 (0.50) n = 411 | 4.36 (0.49) n = 412 |
Yes | 3.22 (0.49) n = 282 | 3.01 (0.44) n = 282 | 2.95 (0.43) n = 281 | 3.05 (0.52) n = 281 | 2.75 (0.49) n = 281 | 4.12 (0.60) n = 279 | 4.06 (0.59) n = 279 | 3.97 (0.65) n = 279 | 4.18 (0.57) n = 279 | |
Effect size for HC card (95% CI) | −0.06 (−0.11, 0.00) | 0.28 (0.24, 0.33) | 0.14 (0.09, 0.19) | 0.14 (0.10, 0.20) | 0.19 (0.14, 0.24) | 0.18 (0.12, 0.25) | 0.13 (0.07, 0.19) | 0.44 (0.39, 0.52) | 0.34 (0.30, 0.41) | |
Private health insurance | Yes | 3.24 (0.51) n = 495 | 3.11 (0.43) n = 495 | 3.02 (0.49) n = 495 | 3.12 (0.47) n = 495 | 2.83 (0.48) n = 494 | 4.22 (0.54) n = 490 | 4.14 (0.55) n = 489 | 4.15 (0.57) n = 489 | 4.32 (0.52) n = 490 |
No | 3.10 (0.54) n = 203 | 3.00 (0.45) n = 203 | 2.91 (0.48) n = 203 | 3.01 (0.56) n = 203 | 2.75 (0.49) n = 203 | 4.05 (0.64) n = 202 | 4.00 (0.63) n = 202 | 4.02 (0.63) n = 202 | 4.17 (0.58) n = 202 | |
Effect size for insurance (95% CI) | 0.27 (0.21, 0.34) | 0.25 (0.21, 0.31) | 0.23 (0.18, 0.29) | 0.22 (0.18, 0.30) | 0.17 (0.12, 0.23) | 0.30 (0.25, 0.30) | 0.24 (0.20, 0.33) | 0.22 (0.17, 0.31) | 0.28 (0.23, 0.36) | |
Health conditions | < 3 | 3.19 (0.51) n = 570 | 3.09 (0.41) n = 570 | 2.99 (0.49) n = 568 | 3.12 (0.46) n = 569 | 2.81 (0.48) n = 568 | 4.21 (0.54) n = 564 | 4.12 (0.54) n = 563 | 4.16 (0.54) n = 563 | 4.31 (0.51) n = 564 |
≥3 | 3.22 (0.57) n = 142 | 3.00 (0.54) n = 142 | 2.96 (0.49) n = 142 | 2.94 (0.60) n = 142 | 2.80 (0.51) n = 142 | 4.02 (0.68) n = 140 | 3.97 (0.67) n = 140 | 3.90 (0.71) n = 140 | 4.14 (0.63) n = 140 | |
Effect size for conditions (95% CI) | −0.06 (−0.10, 0.04) | 0.21 (0.17, 0.29) | 0.06 (0.02, 0.14) | 0.37 (0.33, 0.47) | 0.02 (−0.02, 0.10) | 0.33 (0.29, 0.45) | 0.26 (0.22, 0.38) | 0.45 (0.41, 0.57) | 0.32 (0.28, 0.42) |