Table 3 Variables and measures collected at evaluation time points
Variables | Data source | Measures | Time point | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
T-0 | T-1 | T-2 | T-3 | ||||
Covariates | Socio-demographic factors | Survey & medical record | Age, marital status, education level, occupation, annual household income, and ethnicity. | Ă— | Â | Â | Â |
Health characteristics | Smoking status, alcohol consumption, pre-pregnancy BMI, gestational weight gain, parental history of diabetes, GDM, and cardiovascular disease. | Ă— | |||||
Clinical characteristics | Gestational week and age at the diagnosis of GDM, numbers of pregnancies, history of pregnancy complications, birth weight of children, gestation week at delivery, treatment for GDM. | Ă— | |||||
Weight-related Behaviors | Dietary intake | Survey | Food frequency questionnaire [40] | Ă— | Ă— | Ă— | Ă— |
Physical activities | International Physical Activity Questionnaire (Short version) [41] | Ă— | Ă— | Ă— | Ă— | ||
Psychosocial Variables | Self-efficacy: the belief in one’s effectiveness in performing specific tasks. | Survey | Self-rated abilities for health practices scale [42] | × | × | × | × |
Perceived stress: the feelings or thoughts that an individual has about how much stress they are under over a given time period. | Perceived Stress Scale [43] | Ă— | Ă— | Ă— | Ă— | ||
Social support: the perception and actuality that one is cared for. | Social Support Rating Scale [44] | Ă— | Ă— | Ă— | Ă— | ||
Quality of life: the general well-being of individuals | The World Health Organization Quality of Life Scale-BREF [45] | Ă— | Ă— | Ă— | Ă— | ||
Physiological outcomes | Insulin resistance: a physiological condition in which cells fail to respond to the normal actions of the hormone insulin | Spot measuring | OGTT-2Â h | Ă— | Ă— | Ă— | Ă— |
T2DM screening & development | HbA1c ≥6.5% is considered T2DM. | ||||||
Weight-related measures | BMI & Waist circumference | Spot measuring | BMI is weight/height2 (Kg/m2) | Ă— | Ă— | Ă— | Ă— |
Cardiovascular disease risk | Blood Pressure | Spot measuring | Systolic blood pressure, Diastolic blood pressure | Ă— | Ă— | Ă— | Ă— |
Cost-effectiveness Outcomes | The costs falling on health and social care systems | Survey & Medical records | A PI-designed questionnaire | Ă— | Ă— | Ă— | Ă— |
The costs falling on individuals and families | Â | Â | Â | Â | |||
The effectiveness outcomes | The above clinical and physiological measurements | Ă— | Ă— | Ă— | Ă— | ||