Adverse childhood experiences and sources of childhood resilience: a retrospective study of their combined relationships with child health and educational attendance

Table 1 Relationship between childhood health and well-being status measures, ACE count and demographics

			Percentage with each condition/outcome
			Common childhood conditions^a				Poor childhood health^b %	High school Absenteeism^c %
		n	Asthma %	Allergies %	Headaches %	Digestive %	Poor childhood health^b %	High school Absenteeism^c %
All		2452	13.3	19.0	23.3	12.5	17.2	12.0
ACE count	0	1262	9.4	15.4	17.0	8.3	10.9	5.5
	1	464	12.0	17.9	24.1	14.0	15.9	11.6
	2–3	398	18.1	20.6	28.6	13.1	22.6	15.6
	≥4	328	24.1	32.3	40.2	25.9	36.9	32.9
	X ²		58.515	49.695	87.569	75.100	133.594	190.809
	P		< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001
Age (years)	18–29	437	21.5	22.7	32.0	12.6	24.0	14.0
	30–39	452	18.1	22.3	25.0	11.3	18.4	14.2
	40–49	495	9.9	17.8	24.4	12.9	16.8	13.3
	50–59	505	11.5	18.8	19.8	14.1	13.7	13.5
	60–69	563	7.6	14.6	17.6	11.7	14.6	6.2
	X ²		56.814	14.786	33.362	2.128	21.967	23.292
	P		< 0.001	0.005	< 0.001	0.712	< 0.001	< 0.001
Sex	Male	1115	13.9	17.0	19.6	10.8	16.4	12.3
	Female	1337	12.8	20.6	26.5	14.0	17.9	11.7
	X ²		0.652	5.394	16.304	5.770	0.914	0.171
	P		0.420	0.020	< 0.001	0.016	0.339	0.680
Deprivation quintile
(least deprived) 1		459	11.5	17.2	19.4	10.9	12.2	6.3
	2	513	13.3	20.5	23.2	13.1	15.0	9.4
	3	614	12.9	19.9	24.4	14.5	18.1	9.9
	4	470	14.5	19.6	25.1	11.3	20.9	17.0
(most deprived) 5		396	14.6	16.9	24.2	12.1	20.2	19.2
	X ²		2.504	3.192	5.418	4.154	17.013	50.560
	P		0.644	0.526	0.247	0.386	0.002	<.0001
Sample^d	Core	1981	13.5	18.7	23.6	12.1	17.1	12.5
	Boost	471	12.3	20.2	22.1	14.4	17.8	10.0
	X ²		0.487	0.552	0.507	1.956	0.159	2.235
	P		0.485	0.458	0.476	0.162	0.690	0.135
Ethnicity	White	2362	13.6	18.9	23.2	12.4	17.4	12.3
	Other	90	5.6	21.1	26.7	15.6	13.3	4.4
	X ²		4.855	0.280	0.582	0.786	0.986	5.041
	P		0.028	0.597	0.445	0.375	0.321	0.025

^aPositive response: sometimes or often suffered each condition; ^bSelf-rated overall health in childhood was categorised ‘poor’ for responses fair or poor; other options were excellent, very good or good; ^cSecondary school absenteeism was rated high if > 20 days per year; ^dCore sample was randomly stratified nationally, boost was randomised across high Welsh speaking areas (see methods)

ISSN: 1471-2458