Table 5 Factors associated with not exclusive breastfeeding (non-EBF) versus exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) practice among participating mothers, N = 3659, bi- and multi-variable logistic analysis
Non-EBF | EBF | Total | Bi variable | Multi variable | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Risk Factors | n | % | n | % | n | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI |
Age of the mother | |||||||||
< 20 | 374 | 53.3 | 328 | 46.7 | 702 | ref | ref | ||
20–29 | 951 | 46.4 | 1098 | 53.6 | 2049 | 1.3 | (1.1–1.6) | 1.1 | (0.9–1.4) |
30–49 | 429 | 47.2 | 479 | 52.8 | 908 | 1.3 | (1.0–1.6) | 1.1 | (0.8–1.4) |
Education level | |||||||||
Grades 0–7 | 114 | 35.2 | 210 | 64.8 | 324 | ref | ref | ||
Grades 8–11 | 882 | 46.8 | 1002 | 53.2 | 1884 | 0.6 | (0.5–0.8) | 0.7 | (0.6–1.0) |
Grade 12 (completed school) | 758 | 52.2 | 693 | 47.8 | 1451 | 0.5 | (0.4–0.7) | 0.6 | (0.4–0.8) |
Geographic area | |||||||||
Rural | 1103 | 44.2 | 1395 | 55.8 | 2498 | ref | ref | ||
Urban | 651 | 56.1 | 510 | 43.9 | 1161 | 0.6 | (0.4–0.9) | 0.8 | (0.6–1.0) |
Household connected to electricity | |||||||||
No | 287 | 39.0 | 449 | 61.0 | 736 | ref | ref | ||
Yes | 1466 | 50.2 | 1456 | 49.8 | 2922 | 0.6 | (0.5–0.8) | 0.9 | (0.7–1.2) |
Socioeconomic tertile | |||||||||
1 (Low) | 483 | 39.6 | 737 | 60.4 | 1220 | ref | ref | ||
2 | 572 | 46.9 | 648 | 53.1 | 1220 | 0.7 | (0.6–0.9) | 0.9 | (0.7–1.1) |
3 (high) | 699 | 57.3 | 520 | 42.7 | 1219 | 0.5 | (0.4–0.6) | 0.7 | (0.6–0.9) |
Mother working | |||||||||
No/never | 1526 | 45.4 | 1837 | 54.6 | 3363 | ref | ref | ||
Returned to work | 228 | 77.0 | 68 | 23.0 | 296 | 0.2 | (0.2–0.3) | 0.3 | (0.2–0.3) |
Mother returned to school since birth | |||||||||
No/not in school | 1563 | 45.8 | 1850 | 54.2 | 3413 | ref | ref | ||
Yes | 191 | 77.6 | 55 | 22.4 | 246 | 0.2 | (0.2–0.3) | 0.2 | (0.1–0.3) |
HIV status | |||||||||
Negative | 1123 | 49.0 | 1170 | 51.0 | 2293 | ref | ref | ||
Positive | 577 | 45.3 | 697 | 54.7 | 1274 | 1.2 | (0.96–1.4) | 1.0 | (0.9–1.3) |
Unknown | 54 | 58.7 | 38 | 41.3 | 92 | 0.7 | (0.4–1.0) | 0.8 | (0.5–1.3) |
Feeding advice given at ANC clinic | |||||||||
No | 358 | 58.7 | 252 | 41.3 | 610 | ref | ref | ||
Yes | 1396 | 45.8 | 1653 | 54.2 | 3049 | 1.7 | (1.3–2.2) | 1.5 | (1.2–2.0) |
Feeding advice given at hospital | |||||||||
No | 408 | 51.6 | 383 | 48.4 | 791 | ref | ref | ||
Yes | 1346 | 46.9 | 1522 | 53.1 | 2868 | 1.2 | (0.98–1.5) | 0.9 | (0.7–1.1) |
Infant placed skin-to-skin after delivery | |||||||||
No | 668 | 53.2 | 587 | 46.8 | 1255 | ref | ref | ||
Yes | 1086 | 45.2 | 1318 | 54.8 | 2404 | 1.4 | (1.1–1.7) | 1.3 | (1.0–1.5) |
Initiation of breastfeeding within one hour of delivery | |||||||||
No | 1094 | 52.8 | 978 | 47.2 | 2072 | ref | ref | ||
Yes | 660 | 41.6 | 927 | 58.4 | 1587 | 1.6 | (1.3–1.9) | 1.4 | (1.2–1.7) |
Mother helped with initiation of breastfeeding | |||||||||
No | 919 | 50.8 | 889 | 49.2 | 1808 | ref | ref | ||
Yes | 835 | 45.1 | 1016 | 54.9 | 1851 | 1.3 | (1.0–1.5) | 1.2 | (0.95–1.4) |
Feeding advice by CHW: antenatal | |||||||||
No | 1636 | 49.3 | 1684 | 50.7 | 3320 | ref | ref | ||
Yes | 118 | 34.8 | 221 | 65.2 | 339 | 1.8 | (1.5–2.3) | 1.4 | (1.1–1.8) |
Feeding advice by CHW: postnatal | |||||||||
No | 1607 | 49.0 | 1674 | 51.0 | 3281 | ref | ref | ||
Yes | 147 | 38.9 | 231 | 61.1 | 378 | 1.5 | (1.2–1.9) | 1.1 | (0.8–1.6) |