Table 1 Characteristics of the study participants by self-rated health statusa
Variable | Total (n = 512,889) | Global Self-rated Health | Age-comparative Self-rated Health | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Good (n = 234,699) | Fair/Poor (n = 278,190) | P Valueb | Better (n = 93,235) | Same (n = 321,218) | Worse (n = 82,745) | P Valueb | ||
Age, mean (SD), y | 51.53 (10.68) | 50.27 (10.43) | 52.59 (10.77) | < 0.001 | 51.14 (10.78) | 51.27 (10.60) | 52.45 (10.67) | < 0.001 |
Female gender | 302,631 (59.01) | 131,178 (55.89) | 171,453 (61.63) | < 0.001 | 50,321 (53.97) | 188,751 (58.76) | 53,568 (64.74) | < 0.001 |
Physical activity, mean (SD), MET h/wk | 21.08 (13.87) | 22.89 (14.18) | 19.55 (13.42) | < 0.001 | 21.60 (13.73) | 21.60 (13.97) | 19.08 (13.58) | < 0.001 |
BMI, mean (SD) | 23.66 (3.38) | 23.76 (3.24) | 23.57 (3.49) | < 0.001 | 24.06 (3.22) | 23.59 (3.32) | 23.52 (3.73) | < 0.001 |
Rural residence | 286,703 (55.90) | 129,793 (55.30) | 156,910 (56.40) | < 0.001 | 41,771 (44.80) | 193,272 (60.17) | 46,787 (56.64) | < 0.001 |
Married currently | 464,607 (90.59) | 216,143 (92.09) | 248,464 (89.31) | < 0.001 | 84,713 (90.86) | 292,908 (91.19) | 73,271 (88.55) | < 0.001 |
Educational leveld |  |  |  | < 0.001 |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 No formal school | 95,220 (18.57) | 42,999 (18.32) | 52,221 (18.77) |  | 13,235 (14.20) | 59,244 (18.44) | 19,440 (23.49) |  |
 Primary School | 165,216 (32.21) | 70,612 (30.09) | 94,604 (34.01) |  | 24,664 (26.45) | 108,479 (33.77) | 27,045 (32.68) |  |
 Middle or high School | 222,439 (43.37) | 105,233 (44.84) | 117,206 (42.13) |  | 46,579 (49.96) | 136,627 (42.53) | 32,654 (39.46) |  |
 College or university | 30,014 (5.85) | 15,855 (6.76) | 14,159 (5.09) |  | 8757 (9.39) | 16,868 (5.25) | 3606 (4.36) |  |
Annual income, Chinese Yuand |  |  | < 0.001 |  |  |  | < 0.001 | |
 0–9999 | 144,832 (28.24) | 56,688 (24.15) | 88,144 (31.68) |  | 25,112 (26.93) | 83,500 (25.99) | 32,365 (39.11) |  |
 10,000–19,999 | 149,013 (29.05) | 64,685 (27.56) | 84,328 (30.31) |  | 26,804 (28.75) | 94,432 (29.40) | 23,573 (28.49) |  |
 20,000–34,999 | 126,719 (24.71) | 62,152 (26.48) | 64,567 (23.21) |  | 22,374 (24.00) | 84,697 (26.37) | 16,195 (19.57) |  |
 > 35,000 | 92,325 (18.00) | 51,174 (21.80) | 41,151 (14.79) |  | 18,945 (20.32) | 58,589 (18.24) | 10,612 (12.82) |  |
Employment status |  |  |  | < 0.001 |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 Retired | 84,939 (16.56) | 33,170 (14.13) | 51,769 (18.61) |  | 17,709 (18.99) | 49,313 (15.35) | 13,997 (16.92) |  |
 Employed | 352,574 (68.74) | 173,032 (73.73) | 179,542 (64.54) |  | 65,553 (70.31) | 226,383 (70.48) | 52,381 (63.30) |  |
 Unemployed | 75,376 (14.70) | 28,497 (12.14) | 46,879 (16.85) |  | 9973 (10.70) | 45,522 (14.17) | 16,367 (19.78) |  |
Current smoker | 135,554 (26.43) | 67,957 (28.95) | 67,597 (24.30) | < 0.001 | 27,937 (29.96) | 85,405 (26.59) | 18,733 (22.64) | < 0.001 |
Current alcohol drinker | 87,847 (17.13) | 46,470 (19.80) | 41,377 (14.87) | < 0.001 | 21,328 (22.88) | 53,474 (16.65) | 10,975 (13.26) | < 0.001 |
Family history of five diseasesc | 197,147 (38.44) | 89,283 (45.29) | 107,864 (54.71) | < 0.001 | 39,772 (42.66) | 116,535 (36.28) | 35,936 (43.43) | < 0.001 |
Cardiometabolic diseases | ||||||||
 Coronary heart disease | 15,472 (3.02) | 3181 (1.36) | 12,291 (4.42) | < 0.001 | 1605 (1.72) | 7622 (2.37) | 5861 (7.08) | < 0.001 |
 Rheumatic heart disease | 938 (0.18) | 152 (0.06) | 786 (0.28) | < 0.001 | 69 (0.07) | 361 (0.11) | 482 (0.58) | < 0.001 |
 Stroke | 8884 (1.73) | 1612 (0.69) | 7272 (2.61) | < 0.001 | 723 (0.78) | 3608 (1.12) | 4312 (5.21) | < 0.001 |
 Hypertension | 174,480 (34.02) | 72,583 (30.93) | 101,897 (36.63) | < 0.001 | 28,007 (30.34) | 108,330 (33.72) | 32,531 (39.31) | < 0.001 |
 Diabetes | 30,300(5.91) | 9159(3.90) | 21,141(7.60) | < 0.001 | 3709(3.98) | 16,453(5.12) | 9018(10.90) | < 0.001 |
Respiratory diseases | ||||||||
 Tuberculosis | 7660 (1.49) | 2535 (1.08) | 5125 (1.84) | < 0.001 | 1255 (1.35) | 4209 (1.31) | 1996 (2.41) | < 0.001 |
 Emphysema/bronchitis | 13,289 (2.59) | 3242 (1.38) | 10,047 (3.61) | < 0.001 | 1291 (1.38) | 6276 (1.95) | 5233 (6.32) | < 0.001 |
 Asthma | 2806 (0.55) | 695 (0.30) | 2111 (0.76) | < 0.001 | 278 (0.30) | 1322 (0.41) | 1127 (1.36) | < 0.001 |
Musculoskeletal diseases | ||||||||
 Fracture | 35,448 (6.91) | 16,416 (6.99) | 19,032 (6.84) | 0.0312 | 6711 (7.20) | 21,213 (6.60) | 6377 (7.71) | < 0.001 |
 Rheumatoid arthritis | 10,626 (2.07) | 2928 (1.25) | 7698 (2.77) | < 0.001 | 1312 (1.41) | 5318 (1.66) | 3467 (4.19) | < 0.001 |
Mental diseases | ||||||||
 Depressive symptoms | 3281 (0.64) | 704 (0.30) | 2577 (0.93) | < 0.001 | 319 (0.34) | 1375 (0.43) | 1502 (1.82) | < 0.001 |
 Psychiatric disorders | 1906 (0.37) | 512 (0.22) | 1394 (0.50) | < 0.001 | 145 (0.16) | 868 (0.27) | 815 (0.98) | < 0.001 |
 Neurasthenia | 5699 (1.11) | 1503 (0.64) | 4196 (1.51) | < 0.001 | 673 (0.72) | 2702 (0.84) | 2208 (2.67) | < 0.001 |
Digestive diseases | ||||||||
 Cirrhosis/chronic hepatitis | 6195 (1.21) | 2098 (0.89) | 4097 (1.47) | < 0.001 | 680 (0.73) | 3499 (1.09) | 1707 (2.06) | < 0.001 |
 Peptic ulcer | 20,017 (3.90) | 6666 (2.84) | 13,351 (4.80) | < 0.001 | 2869 (3.08) | 10,818 (3.37) | 5610 (6.78) | < 0.001 |
 Gallstone/gallbladder disease | 31,001 (6.04) | 10,862 (4.63) | 20,139 (7.24) | < 0.001 | 4327 (4.64) | 17,064 (5.31) | 8685 (10.50) | < 0.001 |
Cancer | 2577 (0.50) | 567 (0.24) | 2010 (0.72) | < 0.001 | 217 (0.23) | 1112 (0.35) | 1174 (1.42) | < 0.001 |
Other diseases | ||||||||
 Kidney disease | 7577 (1.48) | 2401 (1.02) | 5176 (1.86) | < 0.001 | 1133 (1.22) | 3664 (1.14) | 2574 (3.11) | < 0.001 |
 Head injury | 5653 (1.10) | 2335 (0.99) | 3318 (1.19) | < 0.001 | 1029 (1.10) | 3182 (0.99) | 1272 (1.54) | < 0.001 |