Table 4 Longitudinal associations of examined characteristics of sports participation with prosocial behaviour (N = 487)

Sports participation

Nonathletes

Reference

Reference

Membership sports club

0.30

0.05*

0.00–0.60

0.40

0.01**

0.10–0.69

Frequency of sports participation

High sports actives

Reference

Reference

Moderate sports actives

−0.02

0.89

−0.28 - 0.24

0.01

0.93

−0.25 – 0.27

Low sports actives

−0.16

0.25

−0.44 - 0.11

−0.24

0.08

−0.51 - 0.03

Nonathletes

−0.37

0.04*

−0.73 to − 0.02

−0.51

0.004**

−0.86 to − 0.16

Individual versus team sports

Individual sports

Reference

Reference

Team sports

−0.13

0.34

−0.41 - 0.14

− 0.06

0.69

− 0.34 - 0.22

Individual as well as team sports

−0.06

0.71

−0.40 - 0.27

−0.16

0.40

−0.52 - 0.21

Nonathletes

−0.38

0.03*

−0.72 to − 0.03

−0.27

0.18

−0.66 - 0.12

Indoor versus outdoor sports

Indoor sports

Reference

Reference

Outdoor sports

0.08

0.57

−0.19 - 0.34

0.25

0.08

−0.02 - 0.53

Indoor as well as outdoor sports

0.09

0.62

−0.27 - 0.46

0.03

0.89

−0.35 - 0.41

Nonathletes

−0.25

0.15

−0.58 - 0.09

−0.15

0.44

−0.53 - 0.23

Contact versus non-contact sports

Non-contact sports

Reference

Reference

Contact sports

−0.16

0.22

− 0.42 - 0.10

0.08

0.60

−0.12 - 0.37

Non-Contact as well as contact sports

−0.14

0.45

−0.50 - 0.22

−0.13

0.52

−0.53 - 0.27

Nonathletes

−0.38

0.02*

−0.71 to − 0.05

−0.20

0.29

−0.60 - 0.17

Involvement in competition or not

Competition

Reference

Reference

Training activities

−0.10

0.45

− 0.37 - 0.16

−0.17

0.26

−0.49 - 0.04

Nonathletes

−0.33

0.04*

−0.64 to − 0.02

−0.38

0.08

−0.48 - 0.13