Table 3 Multiple log-linear regression models explaining weekly and relative gambling expenditure
From: Gambling expenditure by game type among weekly gamblers in Finland
Weekly gambling expenditure (€) | Relative gambling expenditure (%) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
exp(β) | 95% CI | exp(β) | CI 95% CI | |
Gender | ||||
Female | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
Male | 1.39*** | 1.28–1.50 | 1.22*** | 1.12–1.34 |
Age group | ||||
65–74 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
55–64 | 0.97 | 0.87–1.08 | 0.89 | 0.79–1.01 |
45–54 | 0.90 | 0.80–1.01 | 0.77*** | 0.67–0.88 |
35–44 | 0.87* | 0.76–0.99 | 0.76*** | 0.65–0.88 |
25–34 | 0.74*** | 0.64–0.85 | 0.86 | 0.73–1.01 |
18–24 | 0.69*** | 0.59–0.82 | 1.79*** | 1.48–2.16 |
Education level | ||||
Master’s or equivalent | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
Bachelor’s or equivalent | 1.32*** | 1.14–1.53 | 1.66*** | 1.41–1.95 |
Short cycle tertiary education | 1.40*** | 1.21–1.61 | 1.96*** | 1.67–2.30 |
Basic vocational qualification | 1.48*** | 1.30–1.68 | 2.20*** | 1.90–2.54 |
Upper secondary | 1.17 | 0.98–1.40 | 1.97*** | 1.61–2.40 |
Up to lower secondary education | 1.48*** | 1.28–1.72 | 2.88*** | 2.43–3.41 |
Overall gambling frequency | ||||
Rarely than monthly | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
1–3 times a month | 4.68*** | 4.21–5.20 | 5.00*** | 4.44–5.63 |
Once a week or more | 14.20*** | 11.91–16.93 | 16.22*** | 13.29–19.78 |
Number of game types | ||||
1 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
2 | 1.06 | 0.93–1.19 | 1.07 | 0.93–1.23 |
3 | 1.24* | 1.05–1.47 | 1.32** | 1.08–1.60 |
4 or more | 1.52** | 1.19–1.94 | 1.62** | 1.23–2.13 |
Gambling mode | ||||
Strictly land-based | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
Online | 1.10* | 1.00–1.20 | 1.01 | 0.92–1.12 |
Weekly lottery games | ||||
Non-player | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
Less than once a week | 0.88 | 0.76–1.01 | 0.67*** | 0.56–0.79 |
At least once a week | 1.17 | 0.97–1.42 | 0.83 | 0.67–1.03 |
Low-paced daily lottery games | ||||
Non-player | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
Less than once a week | 1.08 | 0.97–1.21 | 1.03 | 0.91–1.17 |
At least once a week | 1.67*** | 1.44–1.93 | 1.62*** | 1.37–1.91 |
Scratch games | ||||
Non-player | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
Less than once a week | 0.99 | 0.89–1.10 | 0.91 | 0.81–1.03 |
At least once a week | 1.79*** | 1.37–2.33 | 1.44* | 1.07–1.94 |
Betting games | ||||
Non-player | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
Less than once a week | 1.20** | 1.05–1.36 | 1.16* | 1.01–1.34 |
At least once a week | 1.78*** | 1.49–2.12 | 1.80*** | 1.47–2.20 |
Slot machines | ||||
Non-player | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
Less than once a week | 0.84** | 0.75–0.95 | 0.83** | 0.73–0.94 |
At least once a week | 1.31** | 1.10–1.56 | 1.43*** | 1.18–1.74 |
Horse games | ||||
non-player | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
less than once a week | 1.09 | 0.93–1.27 | 1.08 | 0.91–1.30 |
at least once a week | 2.46*** | 1.82–3.31 | 2.55*** | 1.82–3.57 |
Online poker | ||||
non-player | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
less than once a week | 1.27* | 1.03–1.58 | 1.24 | 0.97–1.58 |
at least once a week | 1.83* | 1.13–2.97 | 1.79* | 1.03–3.09 |
Non-monopoly gambling | ||||
non-player | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
less than once a week | 1.06 | 0.94–1.19 | 1.03 | 0.89–1.18 |
at least once a week | 4.09*** | 2.68–6.25 | 3.59*** | 2.23–5.79 |