Effectiveness of workplace social distancing measures in reducing influenza transmission: a systematic review

BMC Public Health

Table 3 Percentage reduction in cumulative influenza attack rate in the general population, by threshold for triggering intervention, modeling studies, 2000–2017

First author, year published	Intervention^a	Threshold (%)^b	Percentage reduction^c
First author, year published	Intervention^a	Threshold (%)^b	R₀ ≤ 1.9	R₀ = 2.0–2.4	R₀ ≥ 2.5
Zhang, 2012 [31]	Single	0.02	18	–	–
		0.25	18	–	–
		1.5	18	–	–
		5.0	17	–	–
Halloran-Imperial/Pitt model, 2008 [39]	Multiple + AV	0.0001	99	96	64
		0.001	99	95	64
		0.01	99	94	64
		0.1	97	88	62
		1.0	83	70	53
		10.0	31	27	23
Halloran-UW/LANL model, 2008 [39]	Multiple + AV	0.0001	99	99	99
		0.001	99	99	99
		0.01	99	99	99
		0.1	99	99	98
		1.0	94	92	86
		10.0	57	54	47
Halloran-VBI model, 2008 [39]	Multiple + AV	0.0001	96	89	67
		0.001	96	89	67
		0.01	96	89	67
		0.1	96	88	66
		1.0	91	81	64
		10.0	55	49	50
Milne, 2008 [34, 40]	Single	Prior to first case	28	–	–
		2 weeks after 1st case	27	–	–
		4 weeks after 1st case	25	–	–
		6 weeks after 1st case	19	–	–
	Multiple	Prior to first case	94	–	95
		2 weeks after 1st case	94	–	89
		4 weeks after 1st case	86	–	29
		6 weeks after 1st case	73	–	1
Milne, 2013 [35]	Multiple	Immediately after 1st case	63	–	–
		2 weeks after 1st case	63	–	–
		4 weeks after 1st case	48	–	–

Abbreviations: R₀ basic reproduction number, Imperial/Pitt Imperial College and the University of Pittsburgh, UW/LANL University of Washington and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center in Seattle and the Los Alamos National Laboratories, VBI Virginia Bioinformatics Institute of the Virginia Polytechnical Institute and State University
^aSingle: Workplace social distancing; Multiple: Workplace social distancing and other nonpharmaceutical interventions; AV: Antiviral treatment and prophylaxis
^bThreshold percent: Cumulative influenza illness attack rate in the general population that will trigger intervention
^cPercentage reduction = ((Attack rate in the absence of intervention – Attack rate with intervention) / Attack rate in the absence of intervention) × 100