Table 3 Characteristics of survey and RCT participants, overall and by level of subsistence difficulty

 Age, years, mean (SD)

47.6 (10.0)

49.2 (9.3)

48.5 (10.1)

45.7 (10.1)

0.01

 Male, N (%)

228 (74.8)

45 (65.2)

104 (82.5)

76 (72.4)

0.05

 Race/ethnicity, N (%)

0.41

  White non-Hispanic

108 (35.5)

27 (39.1)

45 (36.0)

35 (33.3)

  Black non-Hispanic

124 (40.8)

31 (44.9)

51 (40.8)

40 (38.1)

  Other non-Hispanic

16 (5.3)

1 (1.5)

5 (4.0)

9 (8.6)

  Hispanic

56 (18.4)

10 (14.5)

24 (19.2)

21 (20.0)

 High school graduate or GED, N (%)

211 (69.2)

49 (71.0)

97 (77.0)

64 (61.0)

0.03

 Health insurance, N (%)

299 (98.4)

68 (99.0)

123 (98.4)

103 (98.1)

0.97

 Worked for pay, past 30 days, N (%)

37 (12.1)

21 (30.4)

11 (8.7)

5 (4.8)

< 0.001

 Income ($), past 30 days, mean (SD)

513 (398)

592 (415)

487 (410)

508 (368)

0.33

 Slept rough, past week, N (%)

37 (12.1)

3 (4.4)

12 (9.5)

22 (21.0)

0.003

 Fair/poor health, N (%)

150 (49.7)

23 (33.3)

62 (49.2)

64 (61.0)

0.002

 Psychiatric severity (0–1), mean (SD)

0.42 (0.24)

0.31 (0.24)

0.40 (0.22)

0.51 (0.23)

< 0.001

 Drug use severity (0–1), mean (SD)

0.13 (0.12)

0.09 (0.10)

0.11 (0.11)

0.18 (0.12)

< 0.001

 Alcohol use severity (0–1), mean (SD)

0.22 (0.25)

0.14 (0.19)

0.20 (0.23)

0.30 (0.28)

0.001

 Nicotine dependence (0–10), mean (SD)

4.4 (2.3)

4.0 (2.1)

4.3 (2.1)

4.9 (2.5)

0.004

 Cigarettes per day, mean (SD)

12.5 (8.3)

12.4 (8.0)

11.1 (6.6)

13.7 (8.8)

0.04

 Ways of acquiring cigarettes, N (%)

  Buying packs

288 (96.0)

67 (97.1)

122 (96.8)

99 (94.3)

0.59

  Buying/rolling loose tobacco

165 (55.0)

25 (36.2)

71 (56.3)

69 (65.7)

0.001

  Buying singles

251 (83.7)

45 (65.2)

107 (84.9)

99 (94.3)

< 0.001

  Trading

125 (41.7)

16 (23.2)

47 (37.3)

62 (59.0)

< 0.001

  Borrowing or “bumming”

247 (82.3)

45 (65.2)

105 (83.3)

97 (92.4)

< 0.001

  Sniping

121 (40.3)

13 (18.8)

51 (40.5)

57 (54.3)

< 0.001

RCT participants

All

None

Low

High

P value

(N = 75)

(N = 21)

(N = 27)

(N = 27)

 Age, years, mean (SD)

46.4 (9.1)

45.9 (9.0)

46.6 (9.2)

46.7 (9.4)

0.94

 Male, N (%)

34 (45.3)

9 (42.9)

14 (51.9)

11 (40.7)

0.69

 Race/ethnicity, N (%)

0.49

 White non-Hispanic

31 (41.3)

9 (42.9)

7 (25.9)

15 (55.6)

 Black non-Hispanic

26 (34.7)

7 (33.3)

12 (44.4)

7 (25.9)

 Other non-Hispanic

5 (6.7)

2 (9.5)

2 (7.4)

1 (3.7)

 Hispanic

13 (17.3)

3 (14.3)

6 (22.2)

4 (14.8)

 Fair/poor health, N (%)

33 (44.0)

8 (38.1)

11 (40.7)

14 (51.9)

0.50

 Psychiatric severity (0–1), mean (SD)

0.30 (0.22)

0.21 (0.19)

0.35 (0.24)

0.32 (0.19)

0.09

 Drug use severity (0–1), mean (SD)

0.12 (0.09)

0.10 (0.09)

0.11 (0.08)

0.16 (0.10)

0.02

 Alcohol use severity (0–1), mean (SD)

0.13 (0.19)

0.09 (0.11)

0.14 (0.22)

0.16 (0.22)

0.38

 Nicotine dependence (0–10), mean (SD)

5.0 (1.9)

5.0 (1.7)

4.8 (1.7)

5.3 (2.2)

0.60

 Cigarettes per day, mean (SD)

15.7 (6.9)

16.0 (7.7)

15.1 (7.1)

16.1 (6.4)

0.86