Skip to main content

Table 5 Unstandardized path coefficients for the mediation model of affect towards cigarettes, risk perceptions, and smoking (n = 5389)

From: Affect, risk perception, and the use of cigarettes and e-cigarettes: a population study of U.S. adults

Direct paths

Path coefficienta

95% CI

p

Affect → Smoking Status (ref = Current Smoker)

 Never Smoker (vs. Current Smoker)

− 0.20

− 0.22 – − 0.18

< 0.001

 Former Smoker (vs. Current Smoker)

− 0.14

− 0.16 – − 0.12

< 0.001

Affect → Risk Perceptions

− 0.66

−0.82 – − 0.50

< 0.001

Risk Perceptions → Smoking Status (ref = Current Smoker)

 Never Smoker (vs. Current Smoker)

0.09

0.08 – 0.09

< 0.001

 Former Smoker (vs. Current Smoker)

0.06

0.05 – 0.07

< 0.001

Covariates → Affect

 Age (ref = 18–29 years old)

   

  30–44 years old

0.49

0.10 – 0.88

0.013

  45–59 years old

0.36

− 0.02 – 0.74

0.065

  60+ years old

1.16

0.79 – 1.54

< 0.001

 Race/Ethnicity (ref = White, non-Hispanic)

   

  Black, non-Hispanic

0.04

− 0.42 – 0.49

0.872

  Hispanic, any race

0.07

− 0.32 – 0.46

0.732

  Other

0.28

− 0.30 – 0.87

0.343

 Education (ref = <High School)

   

  High School

− 0.37

− 0.90 – 0.16

0.174

  Some College

− 0.72

−1.27 – − 0.16

0.012

  Bachelor’s degree or higher

− 1.21

− 1.79 – − 0.64

< 0.001

 Female

− 0.50

− 0.78 – − 0.22

< 0.001

Covariates → Risk Perceptions

 Age (ref = 18–29 years old)

   

  30–44 years old

0.75

− 0.45 – 1.94

0.221

  45–59 years old

1.75

0.57 – 2.92

0.004

  60+ years old

2.96

1.80 – 4.11

< 0.001

 Race/Ethnicity (ref = White, non-Hispanic)

   

  Black, non-Hispanic

− 0.10

− 1.66 – 1.47

0.902

  Hispanic, any race

0.71

− 0.48 – 1.91

0.241

  Other

0.02

− 1.86 – 1.91

0.980

 Education (ref = <High School)

   

  High School

1.55

0.03 – 3.07

0.045

  Some College

0.88

− 0.67 – 2.43

0.266

  Bachelor’s degree or higher

2.42

0.92 – 3.91

0.002

 Female

2.11

1.28 – 2.94

< 0.001

Covariates → Never Smoker (vs. Current Smoker)

 Age (ref = 18–29 years old)

   

  30–44 years old

− 0.68

− 0.88 – − 0.48

< 0.001

  45–59 years old

− 0.57

− 0.75 – − 0.38

< 0.001

  60+ years old

− 0.02

− 0.23 – 0.20

0.894

 Race/Ethnicity (ref = White, non-Hispanic)

   

  Black, non-Hispanic

− 0.42

− 0.68 – − 0.17

0.001

  Hispanic, any race

0.07

− 0.15 – 0.29

0.560

  Other

0.27

0.06 – 0.47

0.012

 Education (ref = <High School)

   

  High School

0.31

0.05 – 0.58

0.019

  Some College

0.79

0.52 – 1.06

< 0.001

  Bachelor’s degree or higher

1.72

1.46 – 1.99

< 0.001

 Female

0.02

− 0.12 – 0.17

0.746

Covariates Former smoker (vs. Current Smoker)

 Age (ref = 18–29 years old)

   

  30–44 years old

0.40

0.15 – 0.65

0.002

  45–59 years old

0.75

0.53 – 0.98

< 0.001

  60+ years old

1.84

1.58 – 2.09

< 0.001

 Race/Ethnicity (ref = White, non-Hispanic)

   

  Black, non-Hispanic

− 0.67

− 0.93 – − 0.41

< 0.001

  Hispanic, any race

− 0.10

− 0.33 – 0.12

0.373

  Other

− 0.34

− 0.64 – − 0.04

0.027

 Education (ref = <High School)

   

  High School

0.46

0.16 – 0.76

0.003

  Some College

0.72

0.41 – 1.03

< 0.001

  Bachelor’s degree or higher

0.88

0.57 – 1.19

< 0.001

 Female

− 0.29

− 0.45 – − 0.14

< 0.001

Factor Loadings

 Risk Perceptions

   

  Lung Cancer

0.98

0.98 – 0.99

< 0.001

  Lung Disease (e.g., COPD)

0.99

0.98 – 0.99

< 0.001

  Heart Disease

0.97

0.96 – 0.97

< 0.001

  Early/Premature Death

0.96

0.95 – 0.97

< 0.001

 Affect

   

  First Image Rating

0.87

0.86 – 0.89

< 0.001

  Second Image Rating

1.00

1.00 – 1.00

< 0.001

  1. Ref = referent group or category. → denotes an estimated model path (for example, “Affect→ Smoking Status” signifies the path for the regression of smoking status on affect). aCoeffients are either multinomial logistic coefficients (unstandardized; akin to logistic regression coefficients) if smoking status is the outcome variable (i.e., “→Smoking Status”, “→Former smoker”, or “→ Never smoker”), standardized factor loadings or residual correlations for the measurement model paths, or are linear coefficients (akin to regression coefficients) otherwise (i.e., “→Affect” or “→ Risk Perceptions”)
Back to article page

BMC Public Health

ISSN: 1471-2458

Contact us