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Table 1 Differences on parenting, executive function and school readiness between families with optimal and suboptimal bedtime routines

From: Bedtime routines child wellbeing & development

 

Optimal Bedtime Routines (M, SD)

Sub-optimal Bedtime Routines (M, SD)

df

Sig. (2-tailed)

Mean Difference (95% C.I.)

Parenting

Authoritative Parenting

3.4

(0.68)

2.3 (0.72)

48

.001a

−1.313

(−1.721, −.904)

Authoritarian Parenting

1.5

(2.50)

2.5 (0.57)

48

.001a

1.040

(.719, 1.362)

Permissive Parenting

1.9

(0.54)

3.3 (0.97)

48

.003b

1.392

(.9000, 1.882)

Executive Function / Adults

Inhibition-Attention Adults

102.7 (7.00)

83.7 (4.90)

48

.001a

−18.983

(−22.615,-15.351)

Working Memory Adults

100.1 (6.13)

80.4 (7.05)

48

.001a

−19.650

(−23.431, − 15.868)

Cognitive Flexibility Adults

105.3 (5.59)

84.3 (4.96)

48

.001a

−21.017

(−24.123, −17.910)

BRIEF-Adults (Global Executive Composite)c

45.3

(3.59)

53.1 (2.51)

48

.007a

7.800

(5.938, 9.662)

 

School Readiness

106.1 (8.00)

81.2 (5.40)

48

.001a

−24.900

(−29.020, −20.780)

Executive Function / Children

Inhibition-Attention Children

103.2 (5.59)

84.3 (7.29)

48

.001a

−18.850

(−22.753, −14.946)

Working Memory Children

100.3 (6.25)

83.0 (7.29)

44

.001a

−17.310

(−21.406, − 13.213)

Cognitive Flexibility Children

105.1 (5.74)

84.1 (5.25)

48

.001a

−21.066

(−24.289, −17.843)

BRIEF-Preschool Children (Global Executive Composite)c

42.7

(2.88)

48.3 (2.61)

48

.005a

5.566

(3.950, 7.182)

  1. a Equal variances assumed
  2. b Equal variances not assumed
  3. c Lower scores indicate better executive function