Table 1 Study; Country Study type; Setting; Conditions; Diagnosis tool; Number of participants; Age; and Sex

Forsyth et al., 2009 [64]

Australia

Pilot (feasibility) RCT

Primary Care

a) Depression (51%)

b) Anxiety (19%)

c) Mixed anxiety-depression disorder (30%)

Participants’ mean BMI = 29.7 kg/m2

The Depression Anxiety Stress Scale

DASS-21

At baseline = 25; but only 18 patients completed an initial assessment

At week 12 = 5

Age range: 19–73

At baseline:

Male = 9

Female = 16

Mailey et al., 2010 [25]

USA

Pilot RCT

Community and University-based Healthcare Services

a) Depression

b) Anxiety

The Beck’s Depression Inventory (BDI)

Intervention arm

At baseline = 26

At week 10 = 23

Control arm

At baseline = 25

At week 10 = 24

At baseline:

Intervention & Control Arms

= 25 yr (18–52 yr)

At baseline:

The sample (in both study arms) was primary female (68.1%)

Oeland et al., 2010 [31]

Denmark

RCT

Primary Care

a) Mild-to-moderate depression (MMD)

b) MMD recurrent

c) Anxiety

The Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D)

Intervention Arm

At baseline:

Total number of Pts = 27

[MMD (60%); MMD recurrent (18%); Anxiety (23%)]

At week 32:

Total number of Pts = 13 [condition-specific information - not provided]

Control Arm

Total number of Pts: 21

[MMD (43%); MMD recurrent (38%); Anxiety (20%)]

At week 32:

Total number of Pts = 15 [condition-specific information - not provided]

At baseline:

Intervention arm = 36 yr (18–52)

Control arm = 40 yr (20–67)

At baseline:

Intervention arm = 85/15

Control arm = 67/33

Pentecost et al., 2015 [32]

UK

Pilot RCT

Primary Care: Improving Access to Psychological Therapies (IAPT) Services

a) Mild Depression

b) Moderate Depression

c) Severe Depression

The Clinical Interview Schedule - Revised (CIS-R) & the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9)

Intervention 1 arm

At baseline:

(Behavioural activation plus physical activity promotion)

Mild depression = 6 (20%)

Moderate depression = 16 (53.3%)

Severe depression = 8 (26.7%)

At week 16:

Mild depression = 4 (13.3)

Moderate depression = 16 (53.3%)

Severe depression = 10 (33.3%)

Intervention 2 arm

(Behavioural activation)

At baseline:

Mild depression = 2 (9.1%)

Moderate depression = 2 (9.1%)

Severe depression = 1 (4.5%)

At week 16:

Mild depression = 1 (4.8%)

Moderate depression = 4 (19%)

Severe depression = 3 (14.3%)

At baseline:

Intervention 1 arm

18–30 yr, n = 6

31+ yr, n = 24

Intervention 2 arm

18–30 yr, n (%) = 6

31+ yr, n = 24

At baseline:

Intervention 1 arm

Male = 18

Female = 20

Intervention 2 arm

Male = 13

Female = 17

Piette et al., 2011 [26]

USA

RCT

Various, a community-university-and VA healthcare system

Comorbid moderate depression (Beck Depression Inventory scores ≥14) & diabetes

The Beck’s Depression Inventory (BDI)

Intervention arm

At baseline = 172

At 12 months = 145

Control arm

At baseline = 167

At 12 months = 146

At baseline:

Patients’ mean age was 56 yr

At baseline:

Male = 49%

Female = 51%

Suija et al., 2009 [27]

Estonia

RCT

Primary Care

Mild-to-moderate depression (MMD)

The Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI)

Intervention arm (patients with depression)

At baseline = 48 randomised; 16 agreed to participate in the study

At week 24 = 4

Control arm (non-depressed patients)

At baseline = 58 randomised; 5 agreed to participate in the study

At week 24 = 5

At baseline:

18–29 yr, n = 7

40–59 yr, n = 5

≥60 yr, n = 1

At baseline:

Male = 1

Female = 15

Crone et al., 2008 [33]

UK

Quasi-experimental

Primary Care

Mental health group (4.6% of all study participants); this included:

a) Depression (61%)

b) Anxiety/loss of confidence (26%)

c) Stress/tension (13%)

Physical health:

Cardio-vascular disease, overweight, obesity, diabetes, musculoskeletal health, unfit/sedentary, or other

No information given

At baseline:

Mental health = 134

Physical health = 2500

At 12 week or programme

completion:

Mental health = 29

Physical health = 935

At baseline:

Mental health group:

42 ± 14 yr

Physical health group:

51 ± 14 yr

At baseline:

Male = 36%

Female = 64%

Duda et al., 2014 [28]

UK

RCT

Primary Care

Mental health group:

a) Probable (Mild) Depression (18.9%)

b) Probable anxiety (34.8%)

Comorbidities:

Two or more factors for coronary heart disease (CHD), overweight, obesity, other long term conditions (LTCs), asthma, bronchitis, diabetes, those for whom regular PA may prevent the onset of osteoporosis, those with borderline hypertension.

The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS)

Total No of participants:

347 (a sample of 494 participants was required to detect a difference in mean PA time across the intervention and control arms)

Intervention arm

At baseline = 184

At 6-month follow up = 82

Control arm

At baseline = 163

At week = 92

At baseline:

Intervention arm

< 30 yr, n = 19

30–49 yr, n = 76

50–64 yr, n = 64

≥65 yr, n = 25

Control arm

< 30 yr, n = 11

30–49 yr, n = 77

50–64 yr, n = 50

≥65 yr, n = 25

At baseline:

Intervention arm

Male = 45 (24.5%)

Female = 139 (75.5%)

Control arm

Male = 49 (30.1%)

Female = 114 (69.9%)

Littlecott et al., 2014 [29]

UK

RCT

Primary Care

Mental health (4%):

a) Depression

b) Anxiety

Physical health:

a) CHD risk factors

Both: Comorbid mental health and physical health

The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS)

At baseline, 1080 participants were randomised to each trial arm

Intervention arm

At 12 months:

Mental health =19

CHD risk = 362

Control arm

At 12 months:

Mental health = 13

CHD risk = 339

At baseline:

16–44 yr, n = 191

45–59 yr, n = 303

≥60 yr, n 386

Condition-specific age data is not provided

At baseline:

Male = 316

Female = 590

Condition-specific sex data is not provided

Pomp et al., 2013 [30]

Germany

Quasi-experimental

Orthopaedic rehabilitation

Depression (10%)

Other health conditions - no information available

The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9)

Intervention arm

At baseline = 227

At week 6 = 132

Control arm

At baseline = 279

At week 6 = 229

The authors state that the control and intervention arms did not differ in terms of sex and age. No further details are provided.

The authors state that the control and intervention arms did not differ in terms of sex and age. No further details are provided.