Table 2 Factors associated with CVD in univariate and multivariate analyses
Independent variable | OR | 95% CI | p | aOR1* | 95% CI | p | aOR2** | 95% CI | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | |||||||||
 Male vs. female | 1.14 | 0.86–1.51 | 0.37 | 1.37 | 0.87–2.15 | 0.17 | 1.35 | 0.87–2.11 | 0.18 |
Age | |||||||||
  ≥ 55 years vs. ≤ 54 years | 18.42 | 10.82–31.36 | < 0.001 | 5.29 | 2.80–9.99 | < 0.001 | 5.46 | 2.87–10.38 | < 0.001 |
Education | |||||||||
 9-years basic / unfinished basic vs. higher and unfinished higher | 2.37 | 1.58–3.56 | < 0.001 | 1.65 | 0.94–2.91 | 0.08 | 1.55 | 0.87–2.74 | 0.13 |
 General / vocational secondary, unfinished secondary vs. higher / unfinished higher | 1.25 | 0.91–1.73 | 0.18 | 1.11 | 0.73–1.70 | 0.63 | 1.03 | 0.67–1.58 | 0.89 |
Employment status | |||||||||
 Economically inactive vs. employed | 6.43 | 4.66–8.86 | < 0.001 | 2.39 | 1.55–3.69 | < 0.001 | 2.28 | 1.47–3.52 | < 0.001 |
 Unemployed | 0.84 | 0.33–2.16 | 0.71 | 1.18 | 0.38–3.62 | 0.78 | 1.25 | 0.40–3.88 | 0.70 |
Place of residence | |||||||||
 Riga vs. rural | 7.25 | 4.81–10.93 | < 0.001 | 9.22 | 5.31–16.04 | < 0.001 | 8.98 | 5.16–15.63 | < 0.001 |
 Other city vs. rural | 2.52 | 1.70–3.72 | < 0.001 | 3.26 | 1.98–5.36 | < 0.001 | 3.08 | 1.87–5.07 | < 0.001 |
Positive family history of premature cardiovascular disease (< 55 years in men and < 65 years in women) | |||||||||
 Unknown vs. no | 1.53 | 0.85–2.76 | 0.16 | 1.09 | 0.47–2.53 | 0.85 | 0.97 | 0.42–2.26 | 0.95 |
 Yes vs. no | 0.93 | 0.70–1.22 | 0.59 | 1.16 | 0.79–1.69 | 0.45 | 1.12 | 0.77–1.63 | 0.57 |
Smoking status | |||||||||
 Ever vs. never | 0.75 | 0.56–0.99 | 0.04 | 1.15 | 0.73–1.82 | 0.53 | 1.17 | 0.75–1.85 | 0.49 |
Alcohol use, episodes of heavy drinking in last 12Â months (5 or more doses of alcohol at once) | |||||||||
 Yes vs. no | 0.43 | 0.27–0.68 | < 0.001 | 0.72 | 0.38–1.37 | 0.32 | 0.71 | 0.37–1.35 | 0.29 |
Consumption of fresh vegetables and fruits ≥ 200 g per day (2–3 servings) | |||||||||
 Yes vs. no | 1.29 | 0.96–1.72 | 0.09 | 0.90 | 0.60–1.35 | 0.61 | 0.87 | 0.58–1.31 | 0.51 |
Consumption of fish ≥ 2 times per week, one of which to be oily fish | |||||||||
 Yes vs. no | 0.95 | 0.72–1.24 | 0.69 | 1.01 | 0.71–1.45 | 0.94 | 1.00 | 0.70–1.44 | 1.00 |
Sedentary lifestyle (30Â min. of moderate physical activity) | |||||||||
 Unable to perform vs. every day | 1.51 | 0.99–2.31 | 0.06 | 0.69 | 0.38–1.23 | 0.21 | 0.67 | 0.37–1.21 | 0.19 |
 1 time a week or less vs. every day | 0.60 | 0.42–0.85 | 0.004 | 0.62 | 0.39–0.99 | 0.04 | 0.60 | 0.38–0.96 | 0.03 |
 2–3 times a week vs. every day | 0.73 | 0.46–1.14 | 0.17 | 0.87 | 0.48–1.59 | 0.65 | 0.88 | 0.48–1.62 | 0.69 |
 4–6 times a week vs. every day | 0.47 | 0.27–0.80 | 0.005 | 0.63 | 0.30–1.30 | 0.21 | 0.62 | 0.30–1.29 | 0.20 |
Body mass index, kg/m2 | |||||||||
  ≥ 25.00 (overweight + obese) vs. ≤ 24.99 (normal + underweight) | 1.57 | 1.15–2.13 | 0.004 | 0.86 | 0.56–1.32 | 0.49 | 0.86 | 0.56–1.33 | 0.51 |
Diabetes mellitus | |||||||||
 Yes vs. no | 2.23 | 1.51–3.28 | < 0.001 | 0.96 | 0.57–1.63 | 0.89 | 0.94 | 0.56–1.60 | 0.83 |
Total cholesterol, mmol/l | |||||||||
 5+ (increased) vs. < 5 (normal) | 0.58 | 0.44–0.75 | < 0.001 | 0.76 | 0.52–1.10 | 0.14 | 0.77 | 0.53–1.12 | 0.17 |
Systolic hypertension, mm Hg | |||||||||
 140+ (hypertension) vs. < 140 (below) | 1.40 | 1.07–1.82 | 0.01 | 1.03 | 0.69–1.54 | 0.87 | 0.98 | 0.65–1.46 | 0.91 |
Diastolic hypertension, mm Hg | |||||||||
 90+ (hypertension) vs. < 90 (below) | 0.74 | 0.55–1.00 | 0.05 | 0.96 | 0.61–1.45 | 0.77 | 0.94 | 0.60–1.46 | 0.77 |
Generalized anxiety disorder (MINI) | |||||||||
 Yes vs. no | 1.08 | 0.62–1.88 | 0.80 | 0.75 | 0.36–1.56 | 0.44 | 0.64 | 0.30–1.38 | 0.25 |
Anxiety (GAD-7) | |||||||||
 Yes vs. no | 1.18 | 0.77–1.79 | 0.45 | 1.19*** | 0.67-2.12 | 0.55 | 0.89*** | 0.49-1.63 | 0.71 |
Lifetime depression (MINI) | |||||||||
 Yes vs. no | 1.29 | 0.96–1.74 | 0.09 | 1.52 | 1.02–2.25 | 0.04 | – | – | – |
Depression (PHQ-9) | |||||||||
 Yes vs. no | 1.84 | 1.32–2.57 | < 0.001 | – | – | – | 2.08 | 1.30–3.32 | 0.002 |
Antihypertensive medications | |||||||||
 Yes vs. no | 7.50 | 5.30–10.61 | < 0.001 | 3.45 | 2.16–5.49 | < 0.001 | 3.37 | 2.11–5.36 | < 0.001 |
Cholesterol lowering medications | |||||||||
 Yes vs. no | 7.53 | 5.55–10.22 | < 0.001 | 2.99 | 1.99–4.50 | < 0.001 | 3.01 | 2.00–4.54 | < 0.001 |
Antidepressants | |||||||||
 Yes vs. no | 1.32 | 0.65–2.69 | 0.44 | 1.51 | 0.60–3.80 | 0.38 | 1.63 | 0.66–4.07 | 0.29 |