|
Determinants
|
Model 1
|
Model 2
|
Model 3
|
|---|
|
Residential area
|
|
Rural
| |
ref
|
ref
|
|
Urban
| |
1.04 (0.99–1.09)
|
1.04 (0.99–1.09)
|
|
Birth
|
|
Not attended by health professional
| |
ref
|
ref
|
|
Attended by health professional
| |
1.49 (1.43–1.56)**
|
1.47 (1.4–1.54)**
|
|
Mother’s age
|
|
≤20 years
| |
ref
|
ref
|
|
21–30 years
| |
1.12 (1.04–1.2)*
|
1.13 (1.05–1.22)*
|
|
> 30 years
| |
1.25 (1.16–1.35)**
|
1.26 (1.16–1.36)**
|
|
Mother’s education
|
|
Primary/no education
| |
ref
|
ref
|
|
Secondary
| |
1.29 (1.24–1.35)**
|
1.23 (1.18–1.29)**
|
|
Higher
| |
1.30 (1.22–1.39)**
|
1.23 (1.15–1.32)**
|
|
Mother’s employment status
|
|
Unemployed
| |
ref
|
ref
|
|
Employed
| |
0.98 (0.95–1.02)
|
0.99 (0.96–1.03)
|
|
Parity status
|
|
Low
| |
ref
|
ref
|
|
Medium
| |
0.88 (0.84–0.92)**
|
0.89 (0.85–0.93)**
|
|
High
| |
0.66 (0.61–0.72)**
|
0.64 (0.59–0.7)**
|
|
Wealth Index
|
|
Q1 (poorest quintile)
| |
Ref
| |
|
Q2
| |
1.19 (1.13–1.26)**
|
1.2 (1.13–1.26)**
|
|
Q3
| |
1.26 (1.18–1.33)**
|
1.27 (1.2–1.35)**
|
|
Q4
| |
1.28 (1.2–1.37)**
|
1.31 (1.23–1.4)**
|
|
Q5 (least poor quintile)
| |
1.26 (1.16–1.36)**
|
1.33 (1.23–1.45) **
|
|
Household income
| |
1.3 (1.25–1.34)**
|
1.24 (1.2–1.29)**
|
|
District-level variables
|
|
Hospitals/1000 pop.
| | |
1.07 (1.02–1.13)*
|
|
Health centers/1000 pop.
| | |
0.77 (0.69–0.85)**
|
|
Village health posts/1000 pop.
| | |
1.61 (1.47–1.77)**
|
|
Doctors/1000 pop.
| | |
0.87 (0.79–0.95)*
|
|
Health workers/1000 pop.
| | |
1.22 (1.15–1.3)**
|
|
Population density
|
|
Between district variance
|
1.08
|
0.86
|
0.79
|
|
ICC
|
0.25
|
0.2
|
0.19
|
|
Median odds ratio
|
2.69
|
2.42
|
2.34
|
- Note: Reported are OR (Confident interval). Sig: *P < 0.05, **P < 0.001
