Determinants | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 |
---|---|---|---|
Residential area | |||
Rural | ref | ref | |
Urban | 1.04 (0.99–1.09) | 1.04 (0.99–1.09) | |
Birth | |||
Not attended by health professional | ref | ref | |
Attended by health professional | 1.49 (1.43–1.56)** | 1.47 (1.4–1.54)** | |
Mother’s age | |||
≤20 years | ref | ref | |
21–30 years | 1.12 (1.04–1.2)* | 1.13 (1.05–1.22)* | |
> 30 years | 1.25 (1.16–1.35)** | 1.26 (1.16–1.36)** | |
Mother’s education | |||
Primary/no education | ref | ref | |
Secondary | 1.29 (1.24–1.35)** | 1.23 (1.18–1.29)** | |
Higher | 1.30 (1.22–1.39)** | 1.23 (1.15–1.32)** | |
Mother’s employment status | |||
Unemployed | ref | ref | |
Employed | 0.98 (0.95–1.02) | 0.99 (0.96–1.03) | |
Parity status | |||
Low | ref | ref | |
Medium | 0.88 (0.84–0.92)** | 0.89 (0.85–0.93)** | |
High | 0.66 (0.61–0.72)** | 0.64 (0.59–0.7)** | |
Wealth Index | |||
Q1 (poorest quintile) | Ref | ||
Q2 | 1.19 (1.13–1.26)** | 1.2 (1.13–1.26)** | |
Q3 | 1.26 (1.18–1.33)** | 1.27 (1.2–1.35)** | |
Q4 | 1.28 (1.2–1.37)** | 1.31 (1.23–1.4)** | |
Q5 (least poor quintile) | 1.26 (1.16–1.36)** | 1.33 (1.23–1.45) ** | |
Household income | 1.3 (1.25–1.34)** | 1.24 (1.2–1.29)** | |
District-level variables | |||
Hospitals/1000 pop. | 1.07 (1.02–1.13)* | ||
Health centers/1000 pop. | 0.77 (0.69–0.85)** | ||
Village health posts/1000 pop. | 1.61 (1.47–1.77)** | ||
Doctors/1000 pop. | 0.87 (0.79–0.95)* | ||
Health workers/1000 pop. | 1.22 (1.15–1.3)** | ||
Population density | |||
Between district variance | 1.08 | 0.86 | 0.79 |
ICC | 0.25 | 0.2 | 0.19 |
Median odds ratio | 2.69 | 2.42 | 2.34 |