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Table 2 Relationships between variables of cooking oil fume exposure and the risk of chronic bronchitis among non-smoking women (N = 644)

From: Exposure to cooking oil fumes and chronic bronchitis in nonsmoking women aged 40 years and over: a health-care based study

Variables

No pulmonary disease (N = 306)

Probably chronic bronchitis (N = 285)

Definite chronic bronchitis (N = 53)

N (%)

N (%)

COR (95%CI)

AOR (95%CI)*

N (%)

COR (95%CI)

AOR (95%CI)*

Smoking status

 Non-smoker

106 (34.6)

79 (27.7)

1

1

4 (7.6)

1

1

 Second-hand smoker

200 (65.4)

206 (72.3)

1.38 (0.97–1.96)

1.42 (0.99–2.03)

49 (92.5)

6.49 (2.28–18.48)

6.66 (2.31–19.20)

Cooked in the kitchen

 No

22 (7.2)

13 (4.6)

1

1

5 (9.4)

1

1

 Yes

284 (92.8)

272 (95.4)

1.62 (0.80–3.82)

1.65 (0.80–3.43)

48 (90.6)

0.74 (0.27–2.06)

0.73 (0.22–2.43)

Excluding no cook

Age stared cooking

  > 22 years

126 (44.4)

132 (48.5)

1

1

21 (43.8)

1

1

  ≤ 22 years

158 (55.6)

140 (51.5)

0.85 (0.61–1.18)

0.86 (0.61–1.23)

27 (56.3)

1.03 (0.55–1.90)

1.13 (0.58–2.20)

Meals per week

 1–13

85 (29.9)

55 (20.2)

1

1

5 (10.4)

1

1

 14–20

94 (33.1)

84 (30.9)

1.38 (0.88–2.16)

1.52 (0.95–2.42)

14 (29.2)

2.53 (0.88–7.32)

2.71 (0.84–8.14)§

 21–31

105 (37.0)

133 (48.9)

1.96 (1.28–2.99)

2.14 (1.36–3.36)†

29 (60.4)

4.69 (1.74–12.65)

4.73 (1.65–13.53)†

Fuel used for cookinga

 Gas/electric stove

179 (63.0)

152 (56.1)

1

1

28 (58.3)

1

1

 Biomass fuels

67 (23.6)

68 (25.1)

1.20 (0.80–1.78)

1.39 (0.85–2.26)

12 (25.0)

1.15 (0.55–2.38)

1.15 (0.47–2.85)

 Coal

38 (13.4)

51 (18.8)

1.58 (0.99–2.54)

1.83 (1.07–3.13)‡

8 (16.7)

1.35 (0.57–3.18)

1.36 (0.51–3.65)‡

Windows in the home kitchenb

 No

15 (5.3)

17 (6.4)

1

1

6 (13.6)

1

1

 ≥ 1

266 (94.7)

247 (93.6)

0.82 (0.40–1.68)

0.80 (0.38–1.68)

38 (86.4)

0.36 (0.13–0.98)

0.40 (0.14–1.16)

Ventilation in the home kitchenc

 Poor

14 (5.0)

9 (3.3)

1

1

6 (12.5)

1

1

 Good

269 (95.1)

261 (96.7)

1.51 (0.64–3.55)

1.46 (0.61–3.50)

42 (87.5)

0.36 (0.13–1.00)

0.35 (0.12–1.04)

Installed fume extractord

 No

122 (43.6)

128 (48.3)

1

1

25 (52.1)

1

1

 Yes

158 (56.4)

137 (51.7)

0.83 (0.59–1.16)

0.75 (0.50–1.12)

23 (47.9)

0.71 (0.39–1.31)

0.69 (0.34–1.43)

Eye irritation during cookinge

 No

241 (96.0)

238 (96.0)

1

1

42 (93.3)

1

1

 Yes

10 (4.0)

10 (4.0)

1.01 (0.41–2.48)

1.05 (0.42–2.62)

3 (6.7)

1.72 (0.46–6.52)

1.97 (0.48–8.01)

Smokiness during cookingf

 No

232 (92.1)

226 (91.1)

1

1

40 (88.9)

1

1

 Yes

20 (7.9)

22 (8.9)

1.13 (0.60–2.13)

1.17 (0.61–2.24)

5 (11.1)

1.45 (0.52–4.09)

1.36 (0.46–4.00)

  1. AOR adjusted OR; COR crude OR; OR odds ratio
  2. *Adjusting for age, second hand smoke status, height, education level, burning incense, and tea consumption
  3. †Trend test from 1 to 13, 14–20, to 21–31 meals per week in probably chronic bronchitis: p = 0.009; and in chronic bronchitis: p = 0.0023
  4. ‡Trend test from gas/electric stove, biomass fuels, to coal in probably chronic bronchitis: p = 0.025; and in chronic bronchitis: p = 0.544
  5. §Trend test from no pulmonary disease, probably chronic bronchitis, to chronic bronchitis in 14–20 meals per week: p = 0.020; and in 21–31 meals per week: p <  0.0001
  6. aMissing data, n = 1 (0,1,0). bMissing data, n = 15 (3,8,4). cMissing data, n = 3 (1,2,0). dMissing data, n = 11 (4,7,0). eMissing data, n = 60 (33,24,3). fMissing data, n = 59 (32,24,3)
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BMC Public Health

ISSN: 1471-2458

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