Table 2 Coding tree
From: Theorizing the complexity of HIV disclosure in vulnerable populations: a grounded theory study
Categories | Broader codes | Codes |
|---|---|---|
Social stigma | Socio-cultural beliefs | Sexual taboo; Cultural misbeliefs |
Misconception | Wrong ideas about mode of HIV transmission; Wrong perceptions about people living with HIV (PLHA); Criminalization of HIV; Perceived similarity between HIV and leprosy | |
Social curiosity | Social attributes of HIV; Strategies for suspicion | |
Discrimination | Exclusion | Exclusion in the family; Peer group exclusion; Social exclusion, Children drop out from school, |
Verbal/ physicial assualt | Said bad words; Teasing; Being blamed for transmitting HIV; Women beaten by their husband’s | |
Denial from love and care | Relationship break up; Left to die without care; Denial from health care | |
Cultural discrimination | Regarded impure; Cultural exclusion; No cremation rituals followed | |
Negative emotions | Fear | Fear of discrimination; Fear of forced disclosure; Fear of discrimination to family members; Fear of losing respect |
Shame | Ashamed of being HIV infected; Regarding oneself as a bad person | |
Mistrust | Lack of trust to family members; Lack of trust to health workers | |
Public health initiatives | Health care access | HIV-related health services; General health services for PLHA |
Incentives | Incentives for testing for general population; Incentives for PLHA; Social support for PLHA | |
Involvement | Community developmental; Community organizations; HIV-related committees; Political groups; Health service delivery; Income generation | |
Mediating factors | Relationship with health workers | Trust; Adherence; No discrimination by health workers; Health workers helping with disclosure |
Knowledge | Availability of treatment; Mode of transmission; Benefits of disclosure; Negative consequences of non-disclosure | |
Perceived income | Jobs and better positions; Access to loans; Incentives | |
Perceived social support | Care during illnesses; Perceived solidarity; Children taken care by others after the death; Help and support | |
Empowerment | Political empowerment | Representation in political parties; Inclusion in developmental works; Representation in school management committee; Formation of organizations and committees |
Economic Empowerment | Jobs; Access to loans; Incentives; Involved in private business and farms | |
Social empowerment | Social networking; Identity; Community organizing; Fighting against discrimination; Normalization of HIV; Peer support | |
Personal empowerment | Reduced mental stress; Self care; Self determination; Introducing oneself as an HIV infected person; Activism | |
Mechanism of disclosure | Disclosure status | Self disclosure; Disclosure with consent; Forced disclosure |
Disclosure status | Undisclosed; Disclosed to health workers; Disclosed to family members; Disclosed to general public | |
Disclosure avoidance behavior | Lying; Hinting; Avoiding contacts with people living with HIV; Do not seek health care; Seeking traditional healers; People secretly taking medicines; Late testing |