| |
Number (%)
|
Patient delaya
|
Health care system delayb
|
|---|
|
Factors
| |
N (%)c
|
Crude OR (95% CI)
|
N (%)c
|
Crude OR (95% CI)
|
|---|
|
Gender
|
|
Female†
|
85 (49.1)
|
33 (38.8)
|
1
|
48 (56.5)
|
1
|
|
Male
|
88 (50.9)
|
53 (60.2)
|
2.28 (1.29 to 4.39)*
|
37 (42.0)
|
0.55 (0.30 to 1.022)
|
|
Age group
|
|
≤ 30†
|
41 (23.7)
|
16 (39)
|
1
|
21 (51.2)
|
1
|
|
> 30
|
132 (76.3)
|
70 (53)
|
1.76 (0.86 to 3.60)
|
64 (48.5)
|
1.11 (0.55 to 2.24)
|
|
Education
|
|
Illiterate/W&Rd †
|
79 (45.7)
|
40 (50.6)
|
1
|
41 (51.9)
|
1
|
|
Primary-Secondary
|
55 (31.8)
|
29 (52.7)
|
1.08 (0.54 to 2.16)
|
23 (41.8)
|
0.66 (0.33 to 1.33)
|
|
University/Higher
|
39 (22.5)
|
17 (43.6)
|
0.75 (0.348 to 1.63)
|
21 (53.8)
|
1.08 (0.501 to 2.333)
|
|
Occupation
|
|
Unemployed†
|
84 (48.6)
|
40 (47.8)
|
1
|
47 (56.0)
|
1
|
|
Employed
|
19 (11.0)
|
16 (84.2)
|
5.86 (1.59 to 21.64) *
|
8 (42.1)
|
0.57 (0.20 to 1.56)
|
|
Student
|
14 (8.1)
|
2 (14.3)
|
0.18 (0.03 to 0.87) *
|
11 (78.6)
|
2.88 (0.75 to 11.10)
|
|
Retired
|
36 (20.8)
|
18 (15.0)
|
1.10 (0.50 to 2.40)
|
12 (33.3)
|
0.39 (0.17 to 0.89) *
|
|
Farmer
|
20 (11.6)
|
10 (50.0)
|
1.10 (0.415 to 2.91)
|
7 (35.0)
|
0.42 (0.154 to 1.16)
|
|
Marital status
|
|
Married†
|
106 (61.2)
|
52 (49.5)
|
1
|
47 (44.3)
|
1
|
|
Single
|
29 (16.8)
|
14 (48.3)
|
0.96 (0.42 to 2.20)
|
15 (51.7)
|
1.34 (0.59 to 3.06)
|
|
Divorced
|
6 (3.5)
|
5 (83.3)
|
5.19 (0.58 to 45.95)
|
3 (50.0)
|
1.25 (0.24 to 6.50)
|
|
Widow/death
|
32 (18.5)
|
15 (46.9)
|
0.91 (0.41 to 2.02)
|
20 (62.5)
|
2.09 (0.92 to 4.71)
|
|
Smoking
|
|
Never†
|
70 (40.5)
|
3 (45.7)
|
1
|
34 (48.6)
|
1
|
|
Current
|
75 (43.4)
|
39 (52.0)
|
1.28 (0.67 to 2.47)
|
38 (50.7)
|
1.08 (0.56 to 2.08)
|
|
Ex-smoker
|
28 (16.2)
|
15 (53.6)
|
1.37 (0.56 to 3.30)
|
13 (46.4)
|
0.91 (0.38 to 2.208)
|
|
Household size
|
|
< =3 people†
|
67 (38.7)
|
38 (56.7)
|
1
|
30 (44.8)
|
1
|
|
> 3 people
|
106 (61.3)
|
48 (45.3)
|
1.58 (0.85 to 2.93)
|
55 (51.9)
|
0.75 (0.40 to 1.38)
|
|
History of TB contact
|
|
Yes†
|
35 (20.2)
|
13 (37.1)
|
1
|
13 (37.1)
|
1
|
|
No
|
138 (79.8)
|
73 (52.1)
|
1.901 (0.88 to 4.07)
|
72 (52.2)
|
1.84 (0.86 to 3.95)
|
|
First misdiagnosis
|
|
Cold or viral infection
|
|
No†
|
71 (41.0)
|
39 (54.9)
|
1
|
26 (35.2)
|
1
|
|
Yes
|
102 (59.0)
|
47 (46.1)
|
1.42 (0.77 to 2.62)
|
60 (58.8)
|
2.61 (1.40 to 4.91)*
|
|
Asthma
|
|
No†
|
160 (92.5)
|
80 (50.0)
|
1
|
77 (48.1)
|
1
|
|
Yes
|
13 (7.5)
|
6 (46.2)
|
1.16 (0.37 to 3.62)
|
8 (51.5)
|
0.58 (0.18 to 1.84)
|
|
COPD
|
|
No†
|
163 (94.2)
|
82 (50.3)
|
1
|
80 (49.1)
|
1
|
|
Yes
|
10 (5.8)
|
4 (40.0)
|
1.51 (0.41 to 5.58)
|
5 (50.0)
|
0.96 (0.26 to 3.45)
|
|
The number of attending health care facilities
|
|
< 3†
|
65 (41.4)
|
36 (55.4)
|
1
|
15 (18.1)
|
1
|
|
≥ 3
|
93 (58.6)
|
37 (50.7)
|
0.54 (0.28 to 1.03)
|
68 (81.9)
|
9.44 (4.50 to 19.82)**
|
|
Center of first contact
|
|
Traditional healer†
|
6 (3.5)
|
3 (50)
|
1
|
4 (66.7)
|
1
|
|
Public
|
77 (44.5)
|
51 (66.2)
|
2.64 (1.01 to 6.85)*
|
36 (46.8)
|
0.43 (0.7 to 2.5)
|
|
Private
|
90 (52.0)
|
32 (35.6)
|
0.55 (0.10 to 2.89)
|
45 (50.0)
|
0.50 (0.08 to 2.8)
|
|
Level of health care facilities
|
|
PHCe†
|
83 (48.0)
|
44 (53.0)
|
1
|
43 (51.8)
|
1
|
|
SHCf
|
71 (41.0)
|
34 (47.9)
|
0.81 (0.43 to 1.53)
|
31 (43.7)
|
0.72 (0.38 to 1.36)
|
|
THCg
|
19 (11.0)
|
8 (42.1)
|
0.64 (0.23 to 1.76)
|
11 (57.9)
|
1.27 (0.46 to 3.50)
|
|
Financial affordability for diagnostic tests
|
|
Yes†
|
66 (38.2)
|
39 (59.1)
|
1
|
20 (30.3)
|
1
|
|
No
|
107 (61.8)
|
47 (43.1)
|
0.54 (0.29 to 1.01)
|
65 (60.7)
|
3.56 (1.85 to 6.83)**
|
- †Reference category, aPatient delay > 13 days, bHealth care system delay> 52 days, cAll percentages are reported within dependent variables (associated risk factors), dWriting and reading, *p < 0.05, ** p < 0.001, ePrimary Health Care, fSecondary Health Care, gTertiary Health care
- P-values are based on binomial logistic regression. OR indicates odds ratio, CI confidence interval
